The Case for the Development of Public Transit in an Urban Boundary Rural Area

Individuals' preferences for automobiles are often taken for granted in our auto centric society. This study attempts to determine if commuters in a city located beyond the fringe of a metropolitan area are willing to use public transit if it is developed and what are the socioeconomic and attitudinal factors that influence individuals' decision to use such a service. Analyses of survey data reveal that preferences exist for public transit service, which can be partly attributed to individuals' concerns regarding rising gasoline prices and air pollution, and is particularly noticeable among those who are educated and/or belong to a younger age group.     

The Evolution of the Theoretical Foundations of Punctuated Equilibrium Theory in Public Policy

Punctuated equilibrium theory in public policy replicated from biological punctuated equilibrium theory has concluded that public policies alternate between stasis and punctuation. However, recent research on Pacific Northwest forest policy, U.S. state tobacco policy, and U.S federal auto efficiency policy have found no punctuations despite an attempt to do so. What is the efficacy of using biological punctuated equilibrium theory to also explain punctuated equilibrium in public policy? Significant differences exist between biological and public policy punctuated equilibrium theory including time frames for change, what constitutes outside disturbances of equilibrium, venues of punctuated equilibrium, levels of analysis for change, and patterns of change. Most policy research on punctuation has focused on the “tone” of media coverage related to change. Some recent studies concluding no punctuation occurred have focused on government action or inaction. Proving strong inference in scientific research requires a clear and viable syllogism linked to appropriate methodology. Both of these crucial elements are now in question in punctuated equilibrium research in public policy.     

积极推进桂林旅游资源整合 加快旅游产业转型升级

建设桂林国家旅游综合改革试验区,要牢固树立资源整合、立体开发的观念,把发展旅游产业与相关产业结合起来;牢固树立培育精品、系统开发的观念,把观光游览型和文化产业型旅游结合起来;牢固树立以人为本、环境第一的观念,把生态农业和旅游业结合起来;牢固树立依托旅游、促进开放的观念,把发展旅游产业与对外开放结合起来。     

Body Transportation after Homicides: Offender and Offense Characteristics

Body transportation is defined as moving the body of the victim from the scene of a homicide to another location. We analyzed data on 513 South Korean homicide cases with convictions to compare 104 homicides involving the transportation of victims’ bodies with 409 homicides that did not. Offenders who transported their victims’ bodies were significantly younger and more likely to be related to the victims and were less likely to use sharp instruments and more likely to use blunt instruments or strangle the victims than offenders who did not. Victims of homicide involving body transportation were more likely to suffer injuries to the neck and head and less likely to suffer injuries to the torso. Finally, offenders who transported victims’ bodies were more likely to have planned the offense and destroyed evidence. The present findings have practical implications for police investigations.     

交通与经济的互为制约——以近代中国西部省份为例

本文通过对西部地区水运、陆运建设与经济发展长期变化的演绎,论述了受到历史条件的束缚和自然地理的限制,近代中国西部省份交通近代化进程迟滞,进而阻碍了经济发展。通过案例分析,本文认为,作为生产过程中的一种要素投入,交通运输的发展直接影响着市场中的交易成本,从而制约了市场交易、商品经济发展规模乃至西部省份近代化进程;近代化进程中,西部省份每一次大的经济调整,实际都暗含着对运输力量与经济发展合理比例的强制性“安排”。     

The Politics of Infrastructural Projects: A Case for Evidence-Based Policymaking

Many developing countries currently face tightening fiscal constraints as a result of the global financial crisis and associated reduction in both credit and demand. Policymarkers therefore have less fiscal space within which to undertake projects, so the opportunity cost of any misallocation of resources will be correspondingly higher. There is therefore an increasing need to rely more on evidence-based policymaking (EBPM). The is particularly so for large infrastructural projects, as these tend to be costly, and especially for transportation projects as these are particularly prone to result in sub-optimal outcomes. This paper examines the policy process for the implementation of the Jamaican Highway 2000, one of the largest and most costly infrastructure projects in Jamaica in recent years. A number of primary and secondary data sources were explored to ascertain the extent to which the decision to implement the project reflects a case for evidence-based decision-making in practice. This made it clear that the decision was taken at least partly on political grounds, largely in the absence of any supportive evidence, and on the basis of over-optimistic and unrealistic assumptions, and that this has created a number of serious, long-term challenges for Jamaica.     

发挥桂林统战文化资源优势 促进文化繁荣发展

党的十八大报告旗帜鲜明地提出了建设社会主义文化强国的发展战略。统一战线在社会主义文化建设中有着独特优势和作用。桂林应该充分发挥统战文化资源优势,为推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣作出应有贡献。     

桂林国际旅游胜地背景下区域旅游合作发展的思考

发展区域旅游合作,是建设桂林国际旅游胜地背景下发展旅游业的战略方向、新时期区域旅游合作具有新特点,桂林旅游发展呈现多区域合作格局特征．桂林区域旅游合作可以采用市场共拓、主导推动、产品整合几种模式、在建设国际旅游胜地背景下,桂林需调整旅游业的发展思路,做好行业规划和规范．制定出更加合理的发展对策、     

Turning Housing Into Driving: Parking Requirements and Density in Los Angeles and New York

This article examines the idea that residential minimum parking requirements are associated with lower housing and population densities and higher vehicle densities (residential vehicles per square mile). Cities frequently use minimum parking requirements to manage traffic, but parking requirements accommodate vehicles, suggesting they should lead to more driving and congestion rather than less. If parking requirements reduce congestion, they likely do so not by reducing the number of vehicles in an area but by reducing the densities of housing and people. We support this idea by comparing the Los Angeles and New York urbanized areas. We show that differences in housing, vehicle, and population densities across and within these urbanized areas are closely correlated with differences in the share of housing units that include parking, and that the share of housing units that include parking is in turn correlated with the stringency of parking requirements. Compared with Los Angeles, New York shifts less of the cost of driving into its housing market. We further show that within New York City, a 10% increase in minimum parking requirements is associated with a 5% increase in vehicles per square mile, a 4% increase in vehicles per person, and a 6% reduction in both population density and housing density. These relationships remain even after controlling for street layout and proximity to the subway.