论特殊防卫权

我国1997年刑法在第20条第3款规定了特殊防卫权。针对刑法理论界与司法实践中出现的争议与疑难问题,本文从特殊防卫权名称的确定与特殊防卫权的适用两个角度进行了分析,提出第20条第3款应称为“特殊防卫权”,并且对于如何理解该条的规定做了合理的解释。     

Computerized Dental Comparison: A Critical Review of Dental Coding and Ranking Algorithms Used in Victim Identification

Comparison of antemortem and postmortem dental records is a leading method of victim identification, especially for incidents involving a large number of decedents. This process may be expedited with computer software that provides a ranked list of best possible matches. This study provides a comparison of the most commonly used conventional coding and sorting algorithms used in the United States (WinID3) with a simplified coding format that utilizes an optimized sorting algorithm. The simplified system consists of seven basic codes and utilizes an optimized algorithm based largely on the percentage of matches. To perform this research, a large reference database of approximately 50,000 antemortem and postmortem records was created. For most disaster scenarios, the proposed simplified codes, paired with the optimized algorithm, performed better than WinID3 which uses more complex codes. The detailed coding system does show better performance with extremely large numbers of records and/or significant body fragmentation.     

Reliability of Craniofacial Superimposition Using Three‐Dimension Skull Model

Craniofacial superimposition is a technique potentially useful for the identification of unidentified human remains if a photo of the missing person is available. We have tested the reliability of the 2D‐3D computer‐aided nonautomatic superimposition techniques. Three‐dimension laser scans of five skulls and ten photographs were overlaid with an imaging software. The resulting superimpositions were evaluated using three methods: craniofacial landmarks, morphological features, and a combination of the two. A 3D model of each skull without its mandible was tested for superimposition; we also evaluated whether separating skulls by sex would increase correct identifications. Results show that the landmark method employing the entire skull is the more reliable one (5/5 correct identifications, 40% false positives [FP]), regardless of sex. However, the persistence of a high percentage of FP in all the methods evaluated indicates that these methods are unreliable for positive identification although the landmark‐only method could be useful for exclusion.     

Drilling down into ethics: A thematic review of ethical considerations for the creation and use of 3D printed human remains in crime reconstruction

The existing literature contains some exploration of the ethics concerning human remains in forensic and virtual anthropology. However, previous work has stopped short of interrogating the underlying ethical concepts. The question of how people understand and apply these concepts in practice, and what it means to act ethically, remain underexplored. This thematic review explores the ethical considerations that contribute to the creation and use of 3D printed human remains for forensic purposes. The three main branches of ethical theory are outlined to explore how they may apply to forensic practice. Key themes relating to 3D printing human remains in forensic contexts were explored to better understand the ethics landscape, ethical challenges, and the current guidelines in place. Through this thematic review, nine ethics principles were identified as key principles for guiding best practice: anonymity, autonomy, beneficence, consent, context, justice, non-maleficence, proportionality, and transparency. It is suggested that these principles could be incorporated into adaptable guidelines going forward to support ethical practice. The findings also suggest that holistic ethics cognition training may have value in supporting forensic scientists in ethical decision-making, together with procedural and structural design that may promote best practice and reduce cognitive load.     

A case of mistaken identity: The wrongful classification of Islamic marriage contracts as premarital agreements in New York

New York precedent has mischaracterized Islamic marriage contracts, or nikah agreements, as premarital agreements. Nikah agreements are not premarital agreements; they are contracts. This mischaracterization has subjected nikah agreements to the acknowledgement requirement codified in N.Y. DRL § 236(B)(3) which has incorrectly been used to strike down valid contracts which Islamic litigants rely on. To prevent the effects of this mischaracterization, this Note suggests to New York appellate courts that a recharacterization of these agreements as contracts would prevent further confusion amongst the lower courts and allow for clearer, more uniform decisions.     

浅析加拿大IBIS系统及其分析原理

加拿大IBIS系统,对枪弹检材表面能进行二维的图像反映,此系统已在世界各国的法庭科学实验室广泛应用。最近,此系统尝试研制的三维图像反映系统已经完成,本文就此系统中关于弹壳底部图像获取与分析技术作以简介。     

统合主义下的新加坡劳资协调机制

上世纪七十年代以来,新加坡劳资关系一直保持平和状态,这主要得益于新加坡统合主义背景下的劳资政三方合作。该国建立了以政府为主导、以工会为主体的劳资协调机制,其中政府通过人事参与以及政策支持领导和控制工会,工会则通过参与三方协商,推动集体谈判以及兴办合作社等方式增进劳工福利,支持和拥护政府政策。同时,新加坡劳资争议处理的法律体系、协调机构和调解程序的完备,也促进了该国劳动关系的和谐稳定。     

慢性乙醇中毒小鼠脑神经细胞IP3R1表达的变化

目的研究慢性乙醇中毒引起小鼠脑神经细胞Ⅰ型1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体（IP3R1）表达的变化。方法 40只小鼠随机分为90d、180d组,各组再分为正常对照组、10%、20%、30%乙醇组,每组5只,乙醇组给予相应浓度乙醇饮用至相应时间;取各组小鼠脑组织,分别采用免疫组化和Western blot方法检测脑皮质神经细胞IP3R1表达的变化;SPSS 13.0软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析。结果正常IP3R1免疫组化染色物分布于神经细胞胞浆内。90d组随乙醇浓度的增加,IP3R1免疫组化阳性细胞数和阳性细胞率逐步增加,组间比较,差异显著（P〈0.05）;180d组中10%、20%乙醇组阳性细胞数和阳性细胞率逐步增加,组间比较,差异显著（P〈0.05）,而30%乙醇组阳性细胞数和阳性细胞率反而减少,且低于90d组的相同浓度组（P〈0.05）。Western blot与免疫组化检测结果基本一致。结论慢性乙醇中毒可引起小鼠大脑皮质神经细胞IP3R1表达增加,而高浓度（30%）、长时间（180d）乙醇使IP3R1表达降低,可能与神经细胞变性、坏死、数目减少有关。     

新型香草香料“K3”的GC／MS解析

目的对新型香草香料“K3”的主要化合物成分进行解析,为相关研究和应用提供参考。方法采用GC／MS方法,对新型香草香料“K3”样本进行检测,根据“K2”的主成分推断“K3”样本中检出的2种主要化合物成分的性质,并对其碎片离子图进行解析。结果初步推断香料“K3”中的化合物1为苯环上的2个氢被2个（-OCH3）基训取代的苯乙酰吲哚类化合物,分子式为C23H27NO3,分子量为365;化合物2为AM-2201（F代JWH-18）,分子式为C24HzzFNO,分子量为359。结论新型香草香料“K3”中含有合成大麻素类成分,该类药物应引起相关部门的重视。     

尸体与活体指纹微观细节特征的差异分析

目的比较尸体与活体指纹的微观细节特征差异,以帮助判断指纹的状态属性。方法用VSC-5000文检仪在放大15~30倍的条件下,观察比较尸体与活体指纹的微观细节特征。结果尸体与活体指纹的乳突纹线的边缘形态、宽窄及汗孔印等微观细节特征存在差异。结论指纹的微观细节特征是尸体与活体指纹种属鉴别的重要依据之一。