新型迷奸药γ-羟基丁酸（GHB）及相关物质

γ-羟基丁酸及相关物质的滥用日渐流行,同时由于其强烈的镇静及健忘效果常被用作迷奸药。在人体内γ-羟基丁酸的天然存在和摄入后的迅速消除,使得体内γ-羟基丁酸及相关物质的检测和浓度评价变得困难。本文就γ-羟基丁酸及相关物质的理化性质、合成、滥用、内源性产生、药理学、药效学、中毒与死亡、临床应用、在DFSA案件中的使用、检测方法等诸多问题作一综述,以期为法医毒物分析等相关领域的实际检案和研究提供参考。     

Development and validation of the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit: a male specific, single amplification 17 Y-STR multiplex system

In the past 5 years, there has been a substantial increase in the use of Y-short tandem repeat loci (Y-STRs) in forensic laboratories, especially in cases where typing autosomal STRs has met with limited success. The AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit simultaneously amplifies 17 Y-STR loci including the loci in the "European minimal haplotype" (DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393), the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) recommended Y-STR loci (DYS438 and DYS439), and the highly polymorphic loci DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, Y GATA H4, and DYS635 (formerly known as Y GATA C4). The Yfiler kit was validated according to the FBI/National Standards and SWGDAM guidelines. Our results showed that full profiles are attainable with low levels of male DNA (below 125 pg) and that under optimized conditions, no detectable cross-reactive products were obtained on human female DNA, bacteria, and commonly encountered animal species. Additionally, we demonstrated the ability to detect male specific profiles in admixed male and female blood samples at a ratio of 1:1000.     

“群众性政党”的提出与中共四大的作用

"群众性政党"的目标,出于共产国际四大。由于当时中国共产党尚处于幼年 时期,党的力量和影响都不大,因而遭到共产国际代表马林的轻视,反对将中国共产党建 设成群众性的政党,并把中国革命的希望寄托于国民党身上。中共四大根据建设群众性政 党的目标,加强了党的建设,使党开始走上群众性政党的道路。"五卅"运动的成功,标志着 中国共产党发展成为群众性的政党。     

孙中山工农观的转变——基于五四运动前后工农运动的考察基于五四运动前后工农运动的考察

孙中山从辛亥革命和两次护法运动的失败以及五四运动和十月革命的胜利中逐渐地认识到:帝国主义和封建军阀是中国革命的真正敌人,工农革命力量才是中国革命的主要动力。因此,孙中山实现了工农观的转变:从轻视脱离工农到重视依靠工农。这一转变进而推动了中国革命向前迈进了一大步。但孙中山工农观的转变是不彻底的,具有时代和阶级的局限性。     

五四运动与中国传统文化的现代转型

五四运动的发生有其历史文化渊源,是中国传统文化面临道德危机、信仰危机和政治秩序危机的必然结果.五四运动反对儒家中维护封建统治的“三纲”封建伦理,而“全盘西化”只不过是一种策略选择.在传统文化现代转型的过程中,我们要反对保守主义和全盘西化两种倾向,坚持时代性和民族性的统一.     

Committee Parliamentary Specialization Index. Explaining MPs’ specialisation in the Spanish Congreso de los Diputados*

ABSTRACT

Nowadays legislatures are largely based on committee systems. This enables a division of work and specialisation, in the context of highly complex politics and policy development. It seems clear that MP specialisation in the field of the committee they serve on is an important political asset, both for MPs and their parliamentary party group. This paper presents the Committee Parliamentary Specialization Index. This index measures the degree an MP is specialised in the jurisdiction of the committee they serve on. In the second part of the paper, the index is applied to the Spanish Congreso de los Diputados, an interesting case for testing this multi-faceted index, to find institutional, political and individual factors that better explain the degree of MP specialisation.