How virtual are virtual economies? An exploration into the legal, social and economic nature of virtual world economies

Virtual world economies are undoubtedly increasing in growth, participation and importance. Their macroeconomic impact has already been seen as important in the real world economies; however its governance and jurisdiction is unclear. This paper will argue that virtual economies are not actually as virtual as they first appear to be. Secondly the paper argues that because of the real world effects and impacts virtual world economies can have, they should be applicable to real world jurisdictions and regulations. The question that is therefore posed is in which jurisdiction should the legal backbone be placed? The paper will be divided into several parts. Firstly, a background of what virtual worlds are, and what they mean in linguistic definition. Secondly, a review of law economics and history shall be considered to determine that what is once considered ‘other worldly’ is accepted as the norm. Thirdly, the paper will consider a virtual world economy, namely that of Second Life to establish the real world impacts that virtual world economies can have. Fourthly, the paper will consider two case studies of financial crisis occurring in the virtual worlds and the synergies we can draw from the real world. Finally, the paper will conclude with the proposition that legal governance is required and will enable what is already a lucrative business to flourish further within the realms of possibility and not virtually.     

我国民族区域自治制度架构的理路辨析

民族问题求"解",是一个带有普遍意义的世界性课题。中国实行民族区域自治的现代抉择,是把统一与自治、民族与区域、历史与现实、政治与经济、制度与法律、民主与集中、自然权利与国家权利因素有机结合,成功开拓出一条被实践证实、广泛为世界关注的经验之路。这是一则浩大的社会"方程",惟国家性质、历史背景、政策导向、及至厚重的文化根植推定这种制度安排。     

不求所有 但求所在——东莞市非公有制经济扮演重要角色

东莞的经济 2 0多年来保持持续、稳定、快速发展的态势 ,非公有制经济起了举足轻重的作用。而非公有制经济所以有了迅速的发展 ,一个重要的原因就是当地的政府营造了一个各种经济成分适宜发展的环境 ,提供了公平竞争的机会。     

韩国经济发展现状及前景

目前，韩国经济状况良好，有能力消化外来冲击。韩国政府正大力推进经济结构改革，以克服其经济的脆弱点。韩国经济中长期发展前景光明。     

State,Society and Markets in Argentina: The Political Economy of Neodesarrollismo under Néstor Kirchner, 2003–2007

The national Peronist social contract in Argentina has a long history rooted in syndicalism and populism. However, Menemismo in the 1990s, El Argentinazo in December 2001, and Kirchnerismo post crisis have all served to change the fundamental framework of the Argentine economy, the social underpinnings of that economy and how it intersects with global capital. This article is an attempt to identify the nature of Kirchner's administration through analysis of political economy, therefore seeking to facilitate a deeper understanding of the developmental nature and impact of the Kirchner administration of 2003–2007.     

知识的测度及其经济学意义

知识经济对西方经济学的研究方法和研究对象形成了革命性冲击，知识的直接测度是不可能的，它作为变量不符合数学分析方法的要求，不可能运用数学方法把知识纳入生产函数中，知识直接测度的不可能性意味着知识不是和资本与劳动力相独立的变量。知识经济要求对西方经济学的研究方法和研究对象实行根本性转变，进行全新的研究和探索。     

网络经济的竞争法规制探析

网络经济的有序发展需要竞争法的规制。网络经济效应必然带来网络经济行为的垄断性,形成有效的垄断市场结构,使消费者预期管理模式成为主要竞争模式,容易带来竞争策略的不正当性以及竞争地理范围的超国家性。这就对现有竞争法律规范提出了重大挑战,因此,要把合理、自由、全球性作为基本原则,通过修订相关法律概念术语、立足现有法律类型化网络不正当竞争行为、制定网络经济自治组织法与促进法、明确规定网络经济垄断标准等途径完善立法,依靠政府积极参与来促进网络经济竞争政策的完善,以期对网络经济的竞争行为进行有力规制。     

危机后韩国经济面临的困境与出路

目前,韩国的实体经济保持着良好的恢复态势,就业、工资情况有所改善,基本实现了稳定物价的目标,维持经常收支黑字基调,金融市场趋于稳定,金融制度得到改善。但韩国经济面临着对外来冲击缺乏抵抗力,经济过度依赖特定产业,出口集中于少数国家,金融市场结构脆弱,就业的结构性问题加深等一系列的结构性问题,其出路在于采取内需拉动型的稳定增长模式,扩大产业群,构筑韩国特色的灵活安全的就业体系,构建支撑实体经济发展的安全的金融体系。     

体验经济视角下思想政治理论课教学模式的创新思考

随着体验经济的到来,"体验为王"主导的社会消费模式成为时代潮流。遵照体验经济的主导逻辑,有必要从教学内容的精炼、教学手段的丰富和教学流程的设计等方面进行思想政治理论课教学模式的创新,让大学生在教学过程中收获主体尊重、成长价值和自我创造上的积极体验,进而实现思想政治理论课教学效果的实质性改善之目标。     

国有企业的改革必须按市场经济的规律办事

国有企业要适应市场经济发展的需要就必须按市场经济规律办事.改革用人制度,科学地组织生产活动,降低企业成本,提高经济效益,增强竞争能力,是搞好国有企业的重要途径.