人口政策在改革开放三十年中的作用

改革开放30年中国在经济发展、人民生活提高和减少贫困人口等三个方面取得了巨大成就，这些成就的取得有人口政策的很大作用：降低了社会抚养比，节省了人口投资，增加了储蓄，为中国创造了一个难得的发展机遇期；抑制过剩人口和劳动力的增加，减轻了就业压力；提高了人口素质，增加了人力资本，更为重要的是为改革开放成就的取得创造了一个可持续的发展环境。     

开放式社区治理：社区治理的演化趋势——基于四个社区治理案例的分析

通过案例分析,我们指出,社区治理正向着开放式社区治理的模式演化,即大量外部组织参与到社区治理中去,带动社区治理水平的提高.开放式治理是一种不同的治理理念、一种崭新的治理模式,是社区治理制度演化、变迁并日臻完善的结果,是一种高水平的社区治理形态.笔者进一步对开放式治理的概念、制度基础、特征、演化过程、意义和可能带来的问题等一系列问题进行了探讨.     

Conversations with Russian mafiosi

Open interviews and unplanned conversations with criminals are an important part of ethnographic research in criminology. This paper presents an analysis of conversations with members of Russian criminal groups. An attempt is made to explore the value of these informal interviews, the danger of informal contacts with criminals, and the reliability of the information received.

Open access to public documents – More secrecy,less transparency!

Prospects are grim for greater access to public documents. The recent initiatives of the Council of Europe to enact a new international convention on access to public documents and recent proposal by the European Commission to revise the law on public access would actually narrow the right of access. The proposed laws would allow governments and the EU Commission to increase its discretionary power to control the flow of information. The draft CoE Convention sets an overly-low standard and restricts information held in electronic databases if the information is not “easily retrievable” or does not “logically belong together”. Similarly, the proposed amendments to the EU Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents would exclude access to documents that do not appear on a register. This would give the EU Commission a wide discretion to share documents informally with a limited number of people, such as interest groups. The Commission's proposal would relieve the EU institutions of its current obligation to show concretely the harm that would occur as a result of disclosure when refusing access to documents. The new proposal has been criticised for subordinating transparency rules to data legislation. The proposals initiated under the Swedish leadership would be a step backwards for transparency.     

Wikitopia: Balancing intellectual property rights within open source research databases

Wiki “communities” based on the open access ideology allow any visitor to easily add, remove or edit content. However, there are a slew of ethics and policy challenges inherent in their use. Open source software developers are faced with the dilemma of openly sharing their intellectual property and prevent others from claiming proprietary rights from the code they freely shared to the public? Intellectual Property rights licensing, ironically, is the route by which open software developers have chosen to regulate their free code in cyberspace. Open source code is generally free on the surface; but in reality, it comes with obligations which are enforceable by law. Aside from the potential liability for intellectual property infringement, the use of open software raises competition law and tort liability issues. The European Union has developed the European Public License which is written in conformity with the copyright, product liability and consumer protection laws of the 27 member states. The EU Commission has also proposed a new Directive which will extend the principles of consumer protection rules to cover licensing agreements of products like software. This paper will address the various legal issues that may arise in open source community sharing.     

You just made it: Individual incumbency advantage under Proportional Representation

Using close election outcomes, we identify a personal effect of incumbency on the probability of seeking election, and seeking and winning office in subsequent elections for elected officials in an Open List Proportional System. In many cases Danish local elections creates an as-if random distribution of candidates that are elected or not, which is an ideal setting for a Regression Discontinuity design. The incumbency advantage has been studied to a great extent, though primarily in pluralistic electoral systems, while more recent studies have extended the scope to Proportional Representation systems. This study adds to this budding literature by showing an advantage in a new context and focusing on candidate level electoral returns under conditions where candidates are arguably least likely to benefit from incumbency.     

发挥地缘优势 提升黑龙江省对外开放水平

要提升黑龙江省对外开放水平，一是要全方位提升黑龙江省对俄经贸合作水平，即在对俄农业合作、能源合作、科技合作方面寻求突破；二是黑龙江省应深度开发对俄边境旅游资源；三是黑龙江省应加速融入东北亚区域经济。     

新中国的对外开放历程:概述与思考

系统地考察1949年建国以后中国对外开放的三个阶段,并探讨了造成各个阶段不同特点的国际背景和国内根源。中国的对外开放,很大程度上受制于传统的影响和国内政治的状况,是一场深刻的革命。从部分开放到闭关自守再到开放,本身已经成为一种新的传统,反过来对国内政治和传统文化施加着强大的影响。对外开放的范围和程度必须予以反思,以防止民族文化的危机。     

天津发展开放型经济的现状及其战略思考

改革开放以来,天津探索出一条"以开放促改革、促发展"的新路,即把发展开放型经济作为工作的重心,以此带动改革,促进发展。当前,开放型经济已经成为支撑天津经济发展的重要力量,并在天津整体社会经济发展中显示出日益强劲的发展态势。但从全国来看,与先进地区相比,天津在开放型经济发展中还存在着诸多亟待解决的问题,必须从战略上构建开放型经济发展新模式,拓展开放型经济发展新思路。