State Support in the Market: Women and Tourism Employment in Post-Socialist Bulgaria

In many former Eastern Bloc countries, economic transition has been responsible for drastic declines the social and economic well-being for both men and women. In general, however, women have tended to experience relatively greater losses since 1989. Through a detailed case study of women's employment in the tourism sector of post-Communist Bulgaria, this chapter will argue that state support for certain economic sectors can help improve the relative economic welfare of women. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, this study finds that state support for viable economic sectors with relatively high wages that employ a critical mass of women can help to ease the difficult transition from centrally-planned to free-market economies.     

Poverty or riches: who benefits from the booming tourism industry in Botswana?

ABSTRACT

Botswana is a key tourism destination in Southern Africa mainly because of the rich wildlife resources and scenic beauty it sustains. Since the 1990s, the growth of wildlife-based tourism in Botswana has stimulated the development of a variety of tourism infrastructure and facilities. This paper asks if these qualify as sustainable tourism. Using both primary and secondary data sources, the study reveals that foreign-owned safari companies and investors dominate Botswana’s tourism industry, leading to the repatriation of tourism revenue, domination of management positions by expatriates and lower salaries for citizen workers. Tourism also fails to significantly contribute to rural development in Botswana due to its weak linkages with the domestic economy. Promoting more inclusive and beneficial policies and strategies would allow tourism to become more sustainable, making a significant contribution to local development, and allowing citizens to finally see real benefits from an industry which is sustained by their local environment.     

民族旅游与族群认同、传统文化复兴及重建--云南民族旅游开发中的"族群"及其应用泛化的检讨

民族旅游在云南旅游中占有越来越重要的地位。云南各少数民族在旅游开发的特定场景中 ,族群意识借助于民族身份的再认同被强化 ,甚至比以往更强烈 ,并在与民族旅游发展的互动中不断传承、延续、发展。在这一过程中 ,云南的民族旅游推动着各少数民族传统文化的复兴和民族身份、民族精神的再建构得以不断展现 ,而且为族群文化的复制、再造和再生产提供了前所未有的场景和舞台。     

从"乡土情结"角度谈乡村旅游开发

"情结"是引发乡村旅游者的根本动机,具体表现在中国人身上就是"土地情结"和"家情结",它们共同对乡村旅游需求市场和旅游供给提出了相应的要求。研究情结理论,对乡村旅游的开发规划以及整合营销具有一定的启发价值。     

集市旅游--民族文化旅游开发的新形式

民族文化旅游主要指少数民族民俗文化旅游,目前已有多种类型的开发方式.集市是少数民族地区广泛存在的按一定周期聚集形成的市场,是定期出现的经济文化民俗大展演.开发集市旅游具有保持民俗的原生态、便于产品化、传统和现代便于兼容、投资少见效快、社会效益明显等优势,是一种有前途的民族文化旅游新形式.开展集市旅游活动,应处理好明确开发主体、安排作为目的地的集市的时空结构、营造主要创收点等问题.     

Policies and Developments Relating to the Sexual Exploitation of Children: The Legacy of the Stockholm Conference

This article begins by noting the huge amount of attention that is now being paid at almost every level – international, European, national and by independent organisations and NGOs – to the growing problem of international child sexual exploitation and considers why this is the case. It then comments briefly on what we mean by international sexual exploitation, noting that different definitions are used. The main part of the article reviews developments in this field, beginning with the main international measure: the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and then goes on to review the 1996 First World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation (the Stockholm Congress). After that some key measures subsequently adopted at international and national level, as well as by the European Union (which is increasingly taking international child sexual exploitation within its remit) are outlined. Lastly, some final thoughts are set out in the conclusion.     

佛教文化：新世纪云南旅游发展的一个新亮点

云南佛教文化具有多样性、丰富性、本土化程度强、品位高等特点,是一种极有开发价值的旅游资源。经过不断建设,云南已建成一批佛教文化旅游景点,不少地区也把佛教文化与旅游有机结合起来,具有良好的发展基础。国外以宗教文化为主线的旅游很有特色,一些成功的经验为我们提供了很好的借鉴。要使佛教文化真正成为旅游发展的一个亮点,就要解放思想,加强研究,推出精品路线,发掘文化内涵。     

独生子女旅游问题研究初探

我国是世界上独生子女最多的国家,独生子女在我国的出现有着深远的社会背景与历史背景。随着独生子女逐渐步入社会经济舞台,独生子女及其引发的问题引起了广泛关注。因此,对独生子女旅游问题进行深入研究对今后旅游市场的发展有着重要意义。     

The aloha paradox: law,language, and culture in Hawai‘i

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the paradoxical relationship between law and the concept of aloha in contemporary Hawai‘i. In examples of public space, such as the airport, the courtroom, the roadway, the retail store, and the community park, the Native Hawaiian concept of aloha is culturally celebrated as the practice of social affirmation. Yet, in these same places, this same concept is commodified as an identity through which law seeks affiliation and dominance. This paper examines the socio-legal construction of aloha found in linguistic policies that convey a particularly conflicted notion of aloha that characterizes law’s dependency on custom for its legitimacy.     

区域旅游资源整合研究——基于广州与佛山旅游资源的整合

现代旅游业竞争已经从景点景区竞争,发展为区域旅游资源的竞争与合作。在经济全球化和区域一体化发展趋势下,以城市旅游资源整合为纽带发展区域旅游,符合国际流行趋势,利于带动区域经济发展。