论作为高层次伦理规范的正义

正义是古往今来人们所憧憬所讴歌的景状 ,从柏拉图到罗尔斯 ,西方学人叙说了数不清的关于正义的见解 ,既贡献了种种经典性论说 ,也使正义成为一张普洛透斯似的脸。正义实际上不是虚玄的事物 ,它也像法和道德一样 ,是为社会生活提供标准和指明方向的规范 ,不过不是普通的规范 ,而是高层次伦理规范。正义对主体的精神和行为都予以调整。正义不取文本形式 ,不是明文记载的制度 ,而是以观念化的形态存在于人的头脑、心灵、社会舆论和历史文化的积淀之中。正义是人们无法捧读的 ,但它却像时间一样 ,时刻就在我们身边。正义是伦理规范体系中规格和境界最高的规范 ,它以一系列美德或善为其基本内容。正义要求个人具备公平、公正、公道、正直、合理的美德 ,要求国家和社会体现自由、平等、安全这一类善 ,而法如果与正义结合便成为良法。正义的强制力比法更深刻 ,它以理性为强制力量 ,不以国家强力和法定程序保障其实现。正义的触角或统辖范围远远大于法的范围 ,它是关涉领域最广、时空跨度最大、尤具普适性的社会规范。在迄今衍生的形形色色正义理论中 ,亚里士多德和罗尔斯的学说 ,影响尤为深远。正义具有绝对和相对两重性 ,是绝对和相对的统合 ;具有主观和客观两重性 ,是主观和客观的统合。正义是以具体的形式     

In the Shadow of Brexit: The 2019 European Parliament Elections as First‐Order Polity Elections?

European Parliament (EP) elections have traditionally been described as ‘second‐order national elections' in which campaigns are fought by national parties on national issues. We argue that the 2019 elections should instead be considered ‘first‐order polity' elections. It is not EU‐level party politics or policy issues that are debated, but rather the legitimacy of the EU itself. Firstly, the EP elections have transformed into an EU ‘blame game' in which national governments are punished or rewarded over their stance on European integration. Secondly, the 2019 election was about the EU's fundamental values, not only with respect to multiculturalism, but also gender equality and LGBTQ rights. Finally, these first‐order polity elections are driven in large part by traditional news and social media platforms. While this is a long way from the patterns of the early EP elections, they still fail in fulfilling the function of holding MEPs and European party groupings adequately to account.     

Speaking Different Languages or Reading From the Same Script? Word Usage of Democratic and Republican Politicians

Words are believed to be indicators of the values that are important to politicians and an impressive amount of empirical research has analyzed variations in language use. While it is generally accepted that there are value differences between Democrats and Republicans, the extent to which these differences are reflected in word usage has been theorized but is largely untested. The connection between values and language is, theoretically, not limited just to politicians, but should be especially evident among politicians as representatives of existing ideological poles. In this article, we examine elite rhetoric through the lens of four value-centered theoretical frameworks (Lakoff’s Parenting Styles model, Moral Foundations Theory, Schwartz’s Values Theory, and Motivated Social Cognition Theory). Contrary to the expectations posited by these four theories, we find little reliable evidence of value-related language differences between Democratic and Republican politicians. Our findings suggest that, at least when it comes to elite rhetoric, widely accepted theoretical claims about the value-based nature of political language and political differences are not consistently supported by empirical analysis.     

Evaluation of GLOCK 9 mm Firing Pin Aperture Shear Mark Individuality Based On 1,632 Different Pistols by Traditional Pattern Matching and IBIS Pattern Recognition

Over a period of 21 years, a number of fired GLOCK cartridge cases have been evaluated. A total of 1632 GLOCK firearms were used to generate a sample of the same size. Our research hypothesis was that no cartridge cases fired from different 9‐mm semiautomatic GLOCK pistols would be mistaken as coming from the same gun. Using optical comparison microscopy, two separate experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis. A subsample of 617 test‐fired cases were subjected to algorithmic comparison by the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS). The second experiment subjected the full set of 1632 cases to manual comparisons using traditional pattern matching. None of the cartridge cases were “matched” by either of these two experiments. Using these empirical findings, an established Bayesian probability model was used to estimate the chance that a 9‐mm cartridge case, fired from a GLOCK, could be mistaken as coming from the same firearm when in fact it did not (i.e., the random match probability).     

浅析毛泽东的价值观及其意义

人的价值观是毛泽东人学思想的重要内容,毛泽东在中国革命和建设的实践过程中形成了关于人的价值的科学理论.毛泽东特别注重人的价值观的塑造,尤其强调个人价值和集体价值之间的关系.在现今社会,尤其是在大力倡导以人为本,构建社会主义和谐社会的过程中,树立正确的价值观的对于我们实现和谐社会这一伟大目标具有重要的推动作用.     

社会主义核心价值体系的民族特色

作为马克思主义中国化的又一重大理论成果，社会主义核心价值体系从其构成要素的四个方面体现了鲜明的民族特色：从内容、形式和实践上体现了民族特色；从发展目标上体现了民族特色；从时代要求和创新发展方面体现了民族特色；从价值取向和评判标准上体现了民族特色。     

Macro economic model study depending on simple ratios for environmental order plans in regional planning

Preparation of environmental order plans at map scales of 1/100,000 or 1/50,000 becomes compulsory for every province in Turkey after 2006. These plans can also be referred as regional plans or sub regional plans. In regional planning studies including ＂environmental order plans＂, existence and accuracy of numeric data and correct use of these data are vital factors to the success of regional plans. There are two main variables used in regional planning studies. These are Gross Domestic Product （GDP） values and employment values of various sectors. The success of the plans heavily depends on the success of correct determination and projection of these regional economic values. The use of economic data in regional planning studies is the main subject of this article.     

论未成年人受侵害的过失相抵

与加害人的过失不同，受害人的过失并非违反不得侵害他人权益的义务，而是违反了对自己的保护义务，此种义务在法律上是一种不真正义务。对于受害人的过失的判断，应以受害人尽到与处理自己事务一样的注意义务而非善良管理人的注意义务为标准。为保持现行立法与司法的稳妥，可以规定：10周岁以上的未成年人具有过失相抵能力，10周岁以下的未成年人不具有过失相抵能力。在未成年人遭受他人侵害，其监护人未尽监护职责导致损害的发生或扩大的情况下，若监护人违反善良管理人的注意义务，未成年的受害人应该承担监护人的过失，在斟酌损害赔偿数额时，实行过失相抵。     

现代传媒视域下的国家文化安全研究

现代传媒是社会文化的载体,是社会教育的重要组成部分。现代传媒以其先进的技术和传播信息的广泛性,对人们的价值取向产生了巨大影响,同时影响着国家文化安全。在这种形势下,必须充分认识现代传媒的社会功能,强化现代传媒的正面教育功能,有效克服现代传媒的弊端,发挥其积极因素以促进当代中国社会顺利转型,确保国家文化安全。