促进共同富裕视角下完善工资分配政策研究 ——以坚持劳动力要素按贡献参与分配为前提

劳动力要素按贡献参与分配是初次分配中的重要内容。本研究在梳理分析我国工资分配制度政策的现状及积极成效的基础上,探讨了当前工资分配领域仍待解决的 4 个突出问题,包括劳动报酬的比重在一段时期出现下降,农村居民的工资性收入与城镇居民的相比依然不高,农村居民的工资性收入区域差距还比较大,行业间工资收入差距需要进一步缩小。研究认为,完善劳动力要素按贡献参与分配制度机制,要坚持改革与发展相结合,“做大蛋糕”与“分好蛋糕”并重。研究建议：推动经济增长与居民收入增长同步,实现劳动生产率与劳动报酬同步提高;深化工资分配制度改革,健全工资决定和合理调整机制。     

中国智慧和中国方案 ：就业优先的阶段性内涵与生发机制

作为中国特色的经济社会战略名词,就业优先惟有明晰其阶段性和针对性才能充分彰显中国智 慧和中国方案的魅力。结合低中高收入水平及其各自所处阶段的发展均衡陷阱,以反贫困、反对不平等、实现 充分就业与体面就业等阶段性主要任务为媒介,可探究就业优先的阶段性内涵与生发机制。总体上就业优先的 内涵变迁可拾级而上形成三个阶段,即努力实现市场化就业优先的低等水平就业,追求就业数量优先的中等水 平就业,致力于就业质量优先的高等水平就业。就业优先由低到高的三个阶段性内涵依次对应收入水平的低等、 中低等、中高等不同阶段,但并非绝对。进入中国特色社会主义新时代,更要坚持就业优先战略,并把握好就 业质量优先这一新的阶段性内涵,进一步推动相关领域的深化改革。     

Comparing the access conditions for minimum income support in four EU member states for national,EU and non-EU citizens

This research analyses the conditions imposed on national, EU and non-EU citizens who wish to access minimum income (MI) benefits within four EU Member States, specifically within Finland, France, Ireland and Spain. The primary aim is to identify and compare the required MI access conditions. Furthermore, focus is given to the residence requisites, which are discussed in relation to relevant supranational regulations in order to detect possible multilevel implications. The paper concludes with the identification of different MI conditions, such as stricter age requisites in France and Spain. Moreover, the study of national cases allows for consideration of how the EU social protection floor works at the national level. In this regard, the restrictions that affect EU/EEA migrant jobseekers and economically inactive population groups who wish to access MI in Finland, France and Ireland show the limits of the EU minimum social assistance floor, only recognised for EU/EEA migrant workers. Finally, implications arise according to human rights instruments such as the European Social Charter, which demands that social assistance shall not be confined to nationals or to certain categories of foreigners, allowing for comparison between the different personal scopes of the equal treatment principle required by the distinct supranational levels.     

缩小贫富差距的路径刍议

面对当今社会贫富分化严重的现实,适时推进收入分配制度改革,已经成为全社会的共识。本文认为,收入分配制度改革应在个人所得税、启动财权事权重新配置的财税体制、打破行业垄断、解决社会保障和公共服务分配不均问题方面有所突破。     

新时期居民收入差距刍议

尽管我国GDP的总量连年快速增长,但居民之间的收入差距却越来越大,如果不很好地解决这个问题,将严重影响改革开放的成果甚至影响社会稳定。因此,缩小地区、行业、城乡之间的差距,走共同富裕的道路,是当前各级政府亟待解决的问题。     

中国居民个人收入流动性的城乡比较

本文利用了中国健康和营养调查的面板数据,采用普通最小二乘法与分位数回归等计量方法定量分析比较了1989至2006年间短期(2-4年)和长期(8-9年)的个人收入流动性的城乡差异。无论是短期还是长期,农村和城市在个人收入流动的模式上没有显著差别。与农村相比,城市的流动水平要低一些。其中的原因是城市高收入端的流动水平非常低,最近(2004至2006年)甚至出现了富者愈富、穷者愈穷的流动模式。这是十分需要我们警惕的。     

我国收入分配影响因素、问题与对策分析

收入分配公正是社会公平正义的基石,是政府核心责任之一。论文采用2006年CGSS数据,考察目前影响我国收入分配的主要因素,剖析收入分配中存在的问题及成因,并提出建设公正分配体制的建议和对策。     

山东省机械企业一线职工收入分配状况的调查分析与对策建议

经调查,2007-2009年近三年来,山东省机械企业一线职工的工资收入增长缓慢,收入水平偏低,职工收入分配差距不断扩大,职工对企业工资决定机制参与度低,职工对收入分配不公平反映强烈。分析造成这种状况的原因,主要是有关法律法规不完善、政府宏观调控乏力、企业内部工资决定机制设置不合理、工会组织发挥作用不够等。改进的对策和建议是：加快修订和完善企业工资分配等方面的法律、法规;强化政府宏观调控的措施和手段;指导企业建立公平合理的工资分配机制;充分发挥工会组织在调节企业收入分配中不可代替的作用。     

The preservation needs of public housing

Abstract

The paper examines the preservation needs of public housing from the perspective of its physical condition and its ongoing repair and replacement needs. It begins by examining the range of needs that exist today, including the level of expenditures that would be required to put the stock in working order to meet existing codes, and to ensure the long‐term viability of the development. It then explores the level of expenditures that would be required on an ongoing basis to keep the stock in good repair and to meet future capital and preventive maintenance needs. The final section addresses several important policy issues, including overall funding requirements, the cost‐effectiveness of preservation efforts compared with vouchers and new construction, the special problems of troubled public housing authorities, and the need to establish stronger incentives for capital planning.     

From dependency to self‐sufficiency: An appraisal of the gateway transitional families program

Abstract

This article presents a longitudinal evaluation of the Gateway Transitional Families Program, an innovative self‐sufficiency program designed to help public housing residents leave public housing for their own homes. The evaluation followed participants and a comparison group over six years to isolate program impacts on employment and receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), food stamps, and housing assistance.

Many participants dropped out of the program. Difficulty in juggling educational and child‐rearing responsibilities, noncompliance with program or public housing regulations, low wages while in the program, impatience with the length of the program, and staff shortages and turnover contributed to the dropout rate. Those who finished the program experienced modest increases in income, decreases in receipt of AFDC and food stamps, and reduced reliance on housing assistance relative to comparison group members. Furthermore, graduates were more likely than comparison group members to have bought a home.