精神障碍者民事行为能力评定量表研制

目的制定精神障碍者民事行为能力评定量表,并探讨其在司法精神病鉴定中的适用性。方法将民事行为能力的考量指标进行细化,经讨论、咨询专家后确定量表条目,按照评定逻辑顺序排列并完成操作手册,形成评定量表。在四家司法鉴定机构试用量表。结果精神障碍者民事行为能力评定量表共有14个条目。共纳入202例样本,根据专家意见划分为完全、限制和无民事行为能力3组。3组量表总分分别为2.32±2.45、11.62±4.01、25.02±3.90,两两得分差异均具有统计学意义。全量表Cronbachα为0.9724,分半信度检验中两分半量表间具有较高的相关系数(r=0.9729,P=0.000);各条目与总分的Spearman相关系数在0.643～0.882(P=0.000)。量表得分结论与专家意见的分组结论一致性较高(κ=0.841,P=0.000)。7个因子被有效纳入判别方程,92.6%的样本回代划分正确。结论精神障碍者民事行为能力评定量表具有良好的信度和效度,能对精神障碍者的民事行为能力进行有效分类。     

对禁止无民事行为能力人参保死亡保险的反思与重塑——兼评保险法第33条

我国保险法第33条禁止投保人对无民事行为能力人投保以死亡为给付保险金条件的人身保险之规定,存在对无民事行为能力人实质保护不利的缺陷。因此,有必要对该禁令予以适当调整或解除,并辅之以特别限制条款,以有效防范道德风险的同时,补救该禁令对无民事行为能力人保护的不足。     

Measuring horizontal fiscal imbalance: the case of Italian municipalities

In the literature on fiscal federalism, vertical fiscal imbalance has been widely studied, while the theme of horizontal fiscal imbalance and inequality among local governments, due to differences in their fiscal capacities, has been less explored. This article contributes to fill the gap. A new method to compute fiscal capacities based on regression analysis is proposed, which can overcome some of the drawbacks of traditional methods such as the representative tax system. This new approach is then employed to evaluate the fiscal capacities of Italian municipalities over the period 2002–2010. Finally two global measures of the horizontal fiscal imbalance are used to evaluate the equity implication of a major policy change occurred in 2008 in Italian municipal finance.     

Critiquing Food Security Inter‐governmental Partnership Approaches in Victoria,Australia

Food security is an issue, not only in developing countries but also in developed economies such as Australia where people from vulnerable groups cannot access affordable and appropriate food on a daily basis. Agencies emphasise the need for collaborative approaches to such complex, multi‐sectoral challenges. This article analyses two inter‐governmental partnership approaches facilitating local government's response to food insecurity in 12 municipalities within the state of Victoria. We focus on the partnership approaches to collaboration, processes and structures, and collective outcomes. The comparative data analysis from in‐depth interviews and document analysis of project‐associated materials and municipal policies provides insight into the different partnership approaches. Results suggest that while strategically designed and focused inter‐governmental partnerships can build local government capacity to respond to food security, there are systemic, regulatory, and resource barriers in play. In conclusion, the implications of these findings for future inter‐governmental approaches to address complex challenges are considered.     

Decisional Capacity and Personality Disorders: Substantially Unable or Substantially Unwilling?

Capacity assessments are performed when there is suspicion that a person is unable to adequately care for their physical, medical, or financial well-being. The purpose of these assessments is to inform the legal system as to whether or not guardianship may be necessary. It is well established that certain mental illnesses, such as neurocognitive disorders (dementia) or psychotic disorders (like schizophrenia), may diminish capacity and, in some cases, lead to the need for establishment of a legal guardian. However, personality disorders are another common category of mental illness which may impair decision-making. There is very little information in the literature about how or why these disorders could impair capacity, and thus, it can often be difficult to discern whether clients with personality disorders are substantially unable to care for themselves—versus unwilling to act in a way contrary to their ingrained habits. We present a series of three cases in which clients are determined to lack capacity primarily mediated by a personality disorder diagnosis. They are demonstrated to have mild deficits in cognitive functioning, but they show impaired decision-making out of proportion to these deficits. In all three cases, it is apparent that the personality disorder is substantially impairing their ability to care for themselves. Discussion includes consideration for ways to incorporate evaluations of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and personality considerations into capacity assessments, and how to approach recommendations (such as guardianship vs. less restrictive option) based on both level and scope of impairment.     

What is the opposite of corruption?

Corruption has turned out to be difficult to define and what should be counted as the opposite to corruption remains widely disputed. If the goal for a post-conflict society is not only to become democratic and prevent a return to violence but also to reduce systemic corruption, we need to know what it is that should be fought and how the opposite to systemic corruption should be conceptualised. To define the opposite to corruption, choices have to be made along four conceptual dimensions. These are universalism vs relativism, uni- vs multidimensionality, normative vs empirical and whether the definition should relate to political procedures or policy substance. As a result of this conceptual analysis, it is argued, a universal, one-dimensional, normative and procedural definition should be preferred. The suggested definition is that of impartiality as the basic norm for the implementation of laws and policies. This conceptual analysis ends with a discussion of why such a norm has historically and in the contemporary world been hard to achieve and why it is especially problematic in post-conflict societies.     

政府体制改革三十年：基于政府能力的框架分析

政府体制改革三十年的主题和基本价值取向是精兵简政、转变职能,提高政府能力.大部制改革为提升政府能力提供了机构上的支持.在政府能力的分析框架下,政府体制改革就是要尽快建立服务型政府、责任政府;关键是要克服政策制定中的部门利益倾向;重中之重是强化对权力运行的监督制约.     

请求权性质之我见

请求权是民事权利体系的重要组成部分,然而从请求权概念产生之日起,对请求权的性质的认识就众说纷纭,莫衷一是。大体可以归结为权能说、救济说和债权说三种学说。权能说和救济说分别从请求权的渊源和历史角度定位,有一定的合理性,但并没有触及请求权性质。请求权与债权具有性质上的同一性,属于相对性结构的权利,这是请求权的性质所在。     

无人武器变革及其对非对称安全关系的影响

新军事变革以来,无人武器在作战体系中发挥越来越显著的作用,得到各国的高度重视。历经百年演进,无人武器已具备侦察跟踪、试探诱骗、精确打击和支援保障四大功能。现有无人武器存在依赖遥控和自主水平低下等问题,这是制约其军事潜力发挥的主要瓶颈。未来,“网络式自主化”将成为无人武器变革的突破方向,带来“全体系”“广覆盖”“快反应”和“强协同”四大优势。叠加无人武器“零伤亡”特性所蕴含的政治影响力,弱者基于“抵消与杀伤”策略的抗争能力将受到质变挑战,同时原有差距会发生量变增大。假如缺乏科技和政治上的有力制衡,在技术垄断与社会变迁的双重影响下,非对称安全关系发生恶性演变的风险将显著增加。在“市场化战争”中,伤亡成本降低导致强权政治缺乏约束,低风险优势鼓励政客做出冒险决策,战争伦理的沦丧扭曲公众对非对称战争的认知,而弱者的极限求生手段还可能造成核扩散等“次生危害”。在西方主导的军备控制合作逐渐式微的背景下,中国需要以总体设计统筹无人武器的研发与实践,积极开发反制技术,并争取主导相关军控提议。     

论我国业主委员会法律制度的构建与完善

业主委员会是物业区域内全体业主的自治管理组织,随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市人口的骤增和人们住房条件的不断改善,在社会生活中发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。但在我国业主委员会的法律制度存在着诸多缺陷,限制了业主委员会作用的发挥,也给司法实践带来了许多疑难问题。文章通过分析我国现行法律规定和外国立法例,试图对我国业主委员会法律制度的构建和完善提出新的见解。