平等和差异：近代性“别”观念双重特性的建构

近代生物进化论传人中国，彻底改变了儒家人伦关系中的“人”观，建立起以生物为基础的“人”的观念。同为人类和男女类分——依据生物性（sex）分成两个性属——的观念同步建立起来。平等和差异是内在于生物人观的两种规范，它们作为女权运动的两种基本理据，在近代却使女权运动陷入了两难困境：诉诸同类，希望成为和男人一样的人，就会落入男人已设定的标准；诉诸差异，做一个与男性不一样的女性，意味着成为男性的“她者”。     

Portable high‐resolution automated 3D imaging for footwear and tire impression capture

The forensic science community raised the need for improved evidence recognition, collection, and visualization analytical instrumentation for field and laboratory use. While the 3D optical techniques for imaging static objects have been extensively studied, there is still a major gap between current knowledge and collecting high‐quality footwear and tire impression evidence. Among optical means for 3D imaging, digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques reconstruct 3D shape from phase information, achieving camera‐pixel spatial resolution. This paper presents a high‐resolution 3D imaging technology using DFP techniques dedicated to footwear and tire impression capture. We developed fully automated software algorithms and a graphical user interface (GUI) that allow anyone without training to operate for high‐quality 3D data capture. We performed accuracy evaluations and comparisons comparing with the commercial high‐end 3D scanner and carried out qualitative tests for various impressions comparing with the current practices. Overall, our technology achieves similar levels of accuracy and resolution with a high‐end commercially available 3D scanner, while having the merits of being (1) more affordable; (2) much easier to operate; and (3) more robust. Compared with the current practice of casting, our technology demonstrates its superiority because it (1) is non‐destructive; (2) collects more evidence detail than casts, especially when an impression is fragile; (3) requires less time and money to collect each piece of evidence; and (4) results in a digital file that can easily be shared with other examiners.     

The CSI Effect and the impact of DNA evidence on mock jurors and jury deliberations

ABSTRACT

The present research examined the CSI Effect and the impact of DNA evidence on mock jurors and jury deliberations using a 3 (Crime Drama Viewing: low, moderate, high)?×?3 (Evidence: DNA innocent, DNA guilty, no DNA control) design. A sample of 178 jury-eligible college students read a case of breaking and entering. Pre-deliberation, some support for a CSI Effect was found with high viewers’ extent of guilt ratings significantly lower than moderate and low viewers’ in the no DNA control and the DNA innocent conditions. This effect was not present for verdicts. Contrary to a CSI Effect, crime drama viewing was not related to guilt judgments with incriminating DNA evidence. A content analysis of comments made during deliberations found little support for the CSI Effect entering the jury room. Specifically, CSI Effect predictions were not supported when examining the discussion of DNA evidence, expressing DNA opinions, or mentioning missing evidence. Overall, the limited CSI Effect found for individuals was attenuated during deliberation. The alarm raised over a possible CSI Effect influencing jury decision making may be unwarranted.     

论我国侦讯取证的现状与制度完善

侦讯取证与人权保障是案侦活动的两个方面，但它们不是均衡发展的。维护人权观念的崇高，不能也不应掩盖打击犯罪在先的事实真相。侦讯活动与限制人身自由是同步的。考察我国的未决羁押与律师会见，如实供述与不自证其罪，相对的默示沉默权，辩护取证的显形化与规则化，律师在场权与全程同步录音录像，口供自愿性的证明能力，司法甄别、排除和认定口供的复杂性等问题。回答如何处理证据的法律真实和客观真实、形式真实和实质合理，取证打击犯罪与保护人权的关系。它们在侦讯取证制度的完善中，需有相应的配套举措。     

在经验与规范之间:试验立法及其类型化——一种立法进路的提倡

立法理想与法律运行实践间背离的中国境遇,以文本法律不完全是"能用之法",且立法承诺在执法中不能全部兑现之困局为现实表征。以进化论理性主义的哲学立场和无知论的知识假设为理论支撑,采取反复试错、吸纳建议、对话商谈等自发性工具,将实践证明可行的执法经验提炼与抽象,进而升华为普遍性规则的试验立法进路,是修正建构论唯理主义立法进路并撬动当前格局的一个支点。试验立法进路以"采纳—辐射"这个简式架构为运作逻辑。目前的试验立法主要有尝试探索型试验立法、落实测试型试验立法与示范效仿型试验立法三种模式。试验立法的实践性意味着多数立法活动将建立在证据或实证研究的基础上,也将具有方法论的意义,有望成为我国立法方法法定化的发展方向。     

血色原微量分光法血痕确证试验

目的探讨血色原微量分光法作为血痕确证试验的可行性。方法用离心分离的检材浸洗液代替检材,与改良高山试剂进行血色原反应,用微量分光光度计测定吸收光谱,判断检材是否含血。在优化参数的基础上,用倍比稀释的粗制人血红蛋白测定方法的灵敏度,用常见疑似血液/血斑,以及不同保存时间、不同基质的血斑测定方法的特异性和检材适应能力。结果用血色原微量分光法,仅血液(斑)具有415nm、525nm和555nm三个吸收峰组成的特异光谱,与常见疑似血液/斑没有交叉。反应2min,上样2.5μL,稀释1000倍的人血可稳定获得三峰光谱。通过延长浸洗时间、设置基质对照,10年陈旧血纱、有色布上的血斑等均可有效确证。三个吸收峰的高度与检液的血含量呈正相关,且525nm和555nm的吸光度变化趋势一致(y=0.523 2x+0.027 4,R2=0.997 1)。结论血色原微量分光法灵敏度高、特异性强,快速简便,可纳入DNA检验流程之中,在实际检案中有较好的应用前景。替代传统结晶法用于教学,更符合当前学生技能和意识的培养要求。     

实践中的证据法——中国证据法实施情况调查研究

证据制度是本次中国司法文明指数体系的一个重要一级指标,我们选取了四项二级指标进行了评估,通过问卷调查和数据分析,并结合中国证据法治指数问卷调查的数据,可以得出以下结论:当事人证据权利缺乏有效保障,侦查人员的证据意识有所增强,非法证据排除规则有待落实,以及司法证明过程缺乏合理规范。     

基于分子克隆方法制备标准分子量片段混合物

目的制备标准分子量DNA片段混合物。方法选取pMD18-T载体部分序列作为插入片段,设计引物,制备包含不同大小的标准分子量片段的克隆。大量培养细菌提取质粒,用双酶切、连接荧光接头的方法制备不同大小的带有荧光的标准分子量片段,混合,纯化,最终获得标准分子量片段混合物(内标)。结果用分子克隆方法制备出具有实用性的标准分子量片段混合物,其单个标准分子量片段大小分别为80bp、124bp、194bp、224bp、254bp、304bp、349bp、399bp、424bp、454bp。并且这些标准分子量片段混合物可以准确地对DNATyper15试剂盒的扩增产物进行检测。结论应用该方法制备了能满足研究和实验室要求的标准分子量片段混合物,为DNA分子量标准物标准品的制作提供了一种新的方法。     

证据战视角下有组织犯罪组织性认定侦查取证研究

"四战"理论的提出为当前刑侦工作的发展指明了方向,其中"证据战"对公安机关提升打击有组织犯罪案件的能力尤为重要。有组织犯罪案件侦办取证过程中最困难的就是对其组织性的认定。应从证据链条构建、非犯罪事实认定以及经济活动三方面对有组织犯罪的组织性认定进行研究。     

Digital Wiretap Warrant: Improving the security of ETSI Lawful Interception

Lawful Interception (LI) of data communications is an essential tool for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) in order to investigate criminal activities carried out or coordinated by means of Internet. However, the ability to secretly monitor the activities of citizens also has a great impact on civil rights. Therefore, democratic societies must prevent abuse and ensure that LI is only employed in specific cases with justifiable grounds or a probable cause. Nowadays, in many countries each interception must be authorized by a wiretap warrant, usually issued by a judge. However, this wiretap warrant is merely an administrative document that should be checked by the network or service operator before enabling the monitoring of its customers, whose communications are later handed over to a LEA in plaintext. This paper proposes the idea of employing a Digital Wiretap Warrant (DWW), which further protects the civil liberties, security and privacy of LI by ensuring that monitoring devices can only be enabled with a valid DWW, and by encrypting the captured data so only the authorized LEA is able to decrypt those communications. Moreover, in the proposed DWW framework all digital evidence is securely time-stamped and signed, thus guaranteeing that it has not been tampered with, and that a proper chain of custody has been met. In particular this paper proposes how to apply the DWW concept to the lawful interception framework defined by the ETSI LI Technical Committee, and evaluates how the additional security mechanisms could impact the performance and storage costs of a LI platform.