论基本权利的发展趋势

基本权利是宪法的核心和关键,是宪法的生命和价值所在,是宪法之所以成为根本法的原因.通过历史和实证分析,探讨近代宪法和现代宪法在确认和保障公民基本权利方面的若干发展趋势,即由自由权发展到社会权,由法律保障发展为宪法保障,由国内保障发展为国际保障.基本权利的这些发展趋势对我国的宪政制度建设提出了若干引人深思的问题.     

Friction Marks of Stabbing Tools in Tires

When receiving a stabbed tire for examination, forensic toolmark examiners can determine whether a suspect tool was used in a specific crime based on class-characteristics and individual-characteristics marks that have been left by the tool on the tire. This study discusses friction marks and their forensic value during the examination of a punctured tire. The term friction mark refers to the noticeable mark around the penetration area on a tire's surface. Tires designed to create high friction when contacting a road. Due to this design, friction is created between the stabbing tool shank and the sides of the hole. As a result of this friction, the shank of the stabbing tool wears the outer layer of tire around the hole. This leaves a friction mark whose general shape reflects the cross-sectional shape of the stabbing tool’s shank. This phenomenon was observed and named by Locke (7) in his evaluation of tire puncture marks with knives. This article demonstrates the same phenomenon with other types of stabbing tools. Test stabs were produced with different tools representing a variety of cross-sectional shapes of shanks, and the resulting friction marks were photo-documented and discussed. Correlations between the various cross-sectional shapes and their corresponding friction marks are shown. Based on friction mark examination, the examiner: (i) can infer suspect tool shank cross-sectional shape with the evaluation of the friction mark shape and (ii) can deduce the maximum dimensions of the shank. This examination simplifies and accelerates the forensic comparison procedure and the investigation time.     

法的模糊性之存在论分析

法的模糊性是法律所具有的归属不完全的属性.它寓于法的存在论、价值论和认识论之中.从法的存在论看,法的模糊性显现为法本质的多面性.法律具有不完全归属于经济、政治、道德和理性或绝对理念的特性.     

从诉讼证明的角度看消极事实的特征

在诉讼证明中,法律事实乃是法官所认定的事实,从哲学意义上讲,法律事实与客观事实的关系就是思维与存在的关系。客观事实可分为积极事实和消极事实,二者是和谐统一的,积极事实在四维时空坐标中占据且只能占据一个确定的点,而不能同时占有两个点,相对于这个确切的点而言,这个点之外的所有空间都是消极事实;消极事实不是“不存在”的事实,而是指存在的状态为“无”的事实。消极事实不同于消极事实的主张,消极事实可以通过积极事实而得以证明。     

足趾形状的模糊自动识别方法

目的根据足趾图像的模糊性和不同形状之间的过渡性,提出基于模糊理论的计算机足趾形状模糊识别方法。方法根据形状特征值的统计规律,分别从角度特征值、长度特征值两个不同的影响指标构造属于不同形状的隶属函数;然后以此隶属度作为单因数评判因子,采用综合评判和隶属度最大原则利用计算机对足趾图像形状进行自动识别。结果由于这种模糊识别方法更能客观、准确地反映出足趾的不同形状,所以使得计算机总体自动识别率达到91.5%。结论足趾形状的模糊自动识别方法在实际应用中是行之有效的。     

论宣誓制度在我国诉讼中的构建

证人宣誓制度在诉讼制度中有着悠久的历史。目前,世界上有不少国家的程序性法律都保留了经过进化了的宣誓制度。宣誓制度不仅有利于增强法庭的庄重,明确作证义务以及法律责任,而且宣誓制度对于民众的法律归属感、认同感以至法律信仰的树立具有重要的意义。在我国存在宣誓制度建立的基础,在充分考虑本土化的条件下可以对这一制度进行"嫁接",以建立适合我国国情的宣誓制度。     

B2B电子商务平台的升级研究——对虚拟贸易平台的探索

伴随B2B电子商务平台的发展,一种新型的贸易平台——虚拟贸易平台逐步兴起,并悄然改变着传统国际贸易的模式和地域概念。本文对虚拟贸易平台的内涵、构成要素和形成条件进行研究,将虚拟贸易平台与B2B电子商务平台进行比较,阐述虚拟贸易平台的功能创新,探析虚拟贸易平台的形成途径。     

对我国刑事法严格责任的解读

严格责任是法律责任的一种表现形式,在理论和实践中都有重要意义。许多国家对于严格责任也有相关的立法。国内外刑法学者对严格责任有相当数量的论著,但观点对立,支持者从为使刑事诉讼趋于高效和实体更加公正,体现出当代意义的刑法精神出发,倡导对严格责任的发展考察。但是,有指摘严格责任存在必要的学者认为,严格责任是古代客观责任的残余,是不符合刑法谦抑原则的一种表现。更有我国的刑法学者指出,严格责任与我国刑法和刑事诉讼法不相适应,是对传统四要件的犯罪构成理论的突破,不适合我国国情,不应加以借鉴。     

论教唆犯的未遂形态

教唆犯的未遂是共同犯罪理论中最为复杂的问题之一。人们习惯于从立法之实然对教唆犯进行研究,使得对教唆犯的未遂形态的认定仅限制在《刑法》第二十九条第二款的规定上,从本条的立法精神来看,我国《刑法》规定被教唆人没有实施被教唆之罪也成立教唆犯未遂,然而这一规定并不合理。对于教唆犯的未遂形态的认定,不应囿于立法之实然规定,应该站在应然高度对教唆犯予以定位。     

Sexual Dimorphism of the First Rib: A Comparative Approach Using Metric and Geometric Morphometric Analyses

This research investigated the sexual dimorphism of the first human rib using geometric morphometric and metric approaches on a sample of 285 specimens containing European Americans and African Americans from the Hamann‐Todd collection. Metric measurements were investigated for sexual dimorphism and ancestral differences using univariate statistics. Four type II landmarks and 40 sliding semi‐landmarks were placed outlining the dorsal and ventral curvatures of the ribs. Landmark data were processed using Generalized Procrustes Analyses with Procrustes distance sliding, and the subsequent coordinates were investigated for sexual dimorphism and ancestral differences using Procrustes ANOVAs. Both geometric morphometric and metric data were analyzed using cross‐validated discriminant function analyses to test the hypothesis that variables from both approaches can be combined to increase sex classification rate. European Americans had sex correctly classified as high as 88.05% and African Americans as high as 70.86% using a combination of metric and geometric morphometric variables.