我国汽车保险业务发展问题研究

近年来，我国汽车保险业务发展迅速，保费收入不断增长，车险业务保费收入占产险公司总保费收入的比重也连创新高。但在车险业务快速发展的同时，经营效益欠佳日益引起人们的关注，行业亏损已成为大家公认的看法，在此背景下，本文利用大量翔实的数据深入分析了我国车险业务的保费收入情况和赔付支出情况，并相应分析了我国车险业务经营亏损的原因及对策。     

Self-interest,distributive justice,and the income distribution: A theoretical fragment based on St. Anselm's postulate

The Mertonian starting idea for this paper is St. Anselm's idea that the will has two inclinations: an affection for what is to the person's own advantage and an affection for justice. We show that in decision-making situations, where the individual must choose a course of action from among a set of alternatives, the individual, subject to the two inclinations and thus guided by the twin considerations of own good and the common good as he/she forms the preference orderings for the alternatives, is in one of three states: (i) the state of Harmony, defined by perfect coincidence of the orderings induced by the two criteria; (ii) the state of Conflict, defined by perfect reversal of the orderings; and (iii) the state of Ambiguity, defined by ordering-pairs which are neither identical nor exactly opposite. The most general result states that if the number of alternatives is two, then the individual is in either Harmony or Conflict; if, however, the number of alternatives exceeds two, then Ambiguity is also a possible outcome. We then apply the framework to the case of choosing an income distribution, letting the own-good and common-good criteria dictate orderings based on personal outcomes (such as own income or own income rank) and social outcomes (such as mean income or income inequality), respectively, and examining the relation between the two orderings in five families of probability distributions. In the special case where own good is an increasing function of own income and the common good is a decreasing function of income inequality, our results show that each society has a group in Harmony (the poorest group) and one additional group, either in Conflict or in Ambiguity. Finally, we speculate about the behavioral and social implications of the three states and their configurations in the population.     

INCOME INEQUALITY,RACE, AND PLACE: DOES THE DISTRIBUTION OF RACE AND CLASS WITHIN NEIGHBORHOODS AFFECT CRIME RATES?*

This study tests the effects of neighborhood inequality and heterogeneity on crime rates. The results of this study, which were obtained by using a large sample of census tracts in 19 cities in 2000, provide strong evidence of the importance of racial/ethnic heterogeneity for the amount of all types of crime generally committed by strangers, even controlling for the effects of income inequality. Consistent with predictions of several theories, greater overall inequality in the tract was associated with higher crime rates, particularly for violent types of crime. Strong evidence revealed that within racial/ethnic group inequality increases crime rates: Only the relative deprivation model predicted this association. An illuminating finding is that the effect of tract poverty on robbery and murder becomes nonsignificant when the level of income inequality is taken into account; this finding suggests that past studies that failed to take income inequality into account may have inappropriately attributed causal importance to poverty. This large sample also provides evidence that it is the presence of homeowners, rather than residential stability (as measured by the average length of residence), that significantly reduces the level of crime in neighborhoods.     

陕西居民收入差距的现状问题及对策

通过对陕西居民收入差距的测算,发现城乡间的差距仍是主要的差距且存在扩大的趋势。农业政策的边际效应递减,人力资本投资差异等是差距扩大的主要原因。因而,缩小陕西居民的收入差距应该从政府职能创新、寻找新的农业增长点、积极发展农村职业教育等方面来入手。     

Changing patterns of income among blacks and whites before and after executive order 11246

Some suggest that affirmative action has contributed to the widening gap between better-off and worse-off blacks. Analyses of census data challenge the claim.     

与时俱进深化收入分配制度改革

改革开放以来,我国的收入分配制度发生了根本性的变革。本文在分析收入分配领域存在的突出问题的基础上,提出以十六大精神为指导,从六个方面深化收入分配制度的改革。     

解说中国收入分配调节的五大难题

新体制建立过程中需要特别关注收入分配制度的完善,防止居民收入分配差距过大。但目前,税制缺陷、社保资金不足等是困扰我国收入分配调节的五大难题。     

我国个人所得税税制改革亟待完善

个人所得税在调节收入差距、缓解分配不公过程中已暴露出许多矛盾和问题,随着经济体制改革的不断深入,个人所得税税制亟待修改、完善。     

农村居民收入分配差距多视角分析——以宁夏为例

收入分配差距一直是社会各界关注的经济、社会问题.市场经济的纵深发展,必然会推动分配差距的扩大.收入分配差距的扩大既体现了效率,但又可能有失公平,有不利于社会稳定的一面.目前,农村贫富差距确实有了一定程度的拉大,但主要表现为地域之间的差距,总体差距及各个地域内部差距仍在比较合理的范围之内,其激励作用大于不利影响.     

关于构建社会主义和谐社会的几点思考

构建社会主义和谐社会是一项复杂而艰巨的系统工程.其中"收入差距过大"已成为社会关注的焦点,是影响到社会和谐的一大隐患,也是需要我们研究的重要课题.