我国民间救助的法律困境与解决对策

民间救助是指人们基于同情心、慈善心和回报社会的责任感,对生活困难者行善施舍,向他们提供资金和实物,保障其基本生活的辅助性社会保障制度的组成部分。我国在民间救助的理论研究和立法中存在很多困境,基于这种认识,本文试图从民间救助的概念、特点、合理性等一般理论入手,深入探讨民间救助的法律空白、准入、监管等困境,并提出了完善的建议,认为我国应当建立一种以国家救助为主、民间救助为辅的社会救助完整体系。     

Partisanship and public reason

In the large body of literature concerning John Rawls’s Political Liberalism (1993) and his conception of public reason, little attention has been paid to the implications that the constraints of public reason have for partisans, i.e. citizens who participate in politics through political parties. This paper argues that even on the basis of a ‘mild’ understanding of Rawls’s conception of the constraints of public reason, which takes into account the various stipulations Rawls provided throughout his later work, when applied to partisans the constraints of public reason lose none or little of their hindering force. This seriously undermines the contribution that parties and partisans can provide to the change and the varieties of public reason that Rawls himself advocates as a response to social change and, therefore, to political justification and legitimacy. Parties articulate, coordinate and enhance societal demands which, without their support, may remain unheard and fail to change the acceptable terms of public reason and political justification. If the political speech of partisans is restrained, this potential for change (and, therefore, its contribution to political legitimacy) is seriously undermined.     

Religious parties and the problem of democratic political legitimacy

Thinkers committed to an ideal of public reason are suspicious of religiously informed political activity as it undermines democratic political legitimacy. This paper considers Jürgen Habermas’s recent shifts on this question in light of the history of Europe’s religious parties in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These parties made a real and lasting contribution to Europe’s democratization and their history suggests ways in which Habermas and other defenders of public reason misunderstand the nature of democratic political legitimacy.     

Laborde’s religion

ABSTRACT

Cécile Laborde’s Liberalism’s Religion proposes liberal principles to address political controversies over religion. One is the public reason requirement that reasons for state policies should be accessible. Another is the civic inclusiveness requirement according to which symbolic religious establishment is wrong when it communicates that religious identity is a component of civic identity. A third is the claim that liberal states have meta-jurisdictional authority to settle the boundary between what counts as religion and what counts as non-religion. The article considers whether Laborde has managed to articulate these three principles in a way that is operationalisable and can serve to provide solutions to practical controversies over religion. It is argued that Laborde’s formulations leave important issues open, and some ways of settling these issues are considered.     

公众意见在裁判结构中的地位

从裁判依据的类型分析,公众意见只能作为一种事实依据,参与个案裁判。在常规案件中,公众意见作为一种准用的辅助性依据,可以通过弱的裁量成为合理化判决结论的说明性事实。在遇有法律漏洞的疑难案件中,与社会性主张相一致的公众意见,如果耦合法律体系中的法律原则或基本权利规范,可以籍由强的裁量充当个案推理的运作性依据,成为非常情形中正当化个案规则创制的立法性事实。在日趋多元化和复杂化的转型中国,法律系统必须在稳定性和灵活性、普遍正义和个案正义之间寻求一种平衡;判断公众意见的个案裁判地位,同样需在辅助性依据或运作性依据、说明性事实或立法性事实之间寻求一种平衡。     

传统中国的多元共治与伦理法制——兼论重塑多元共治

传统中国形成了一元化的行政管理与多元化社会基层组织自我管理有机结合的多元共治机制,这是出于社会环境的必然选择。在多元共治中,国家着眼于指导思想、文化背景、法制保障等方面建设,而具体的、细化的甚至是琐碎的管理事务则由基层社会组织完成。基层社会组织通过民间规约实现自我管理。伦理法制为维护基层组织权威和社会共同价值文化提供法制保障。创新社会管理在某种意义上亦是抹不去的历史回归。     

金融体制改革中通货膨胀与通货紧缩的体制性原因

中国金融体制改革中出现了通货膨胀与通货紧缩现象,其原因主要在于体制改革的滞后和不到位。要克服这两种现象,需要通过包括金融体制改革在内的经济体制改革来解决。只有打破旧的体制,建立和完善新的体制,才能从根本上抑制通货膨胀和治理通货紧缩。     

新农村旅游开发建设中宁夏回族村落民俗文化变迁与保护研究

宁夏回族村落保存着浓郁的回族民俗特色,拥有非常丰富的人文旅游资源。然而,随着新农村建设旅游开发的广度和深度不断加大,回族村落在物质民俗、社会民俗、观念民俗和宗教民俗等方面都经历了不同程度的变迁。因此,要正确处理旅游开发和民俗文化的关系,保护民俗文化资源。     

发掘民俗文化资源 促进资源县旅游产业发展

资源县少数民族文化资源丰富,但是目前对文化与旅游资源的开发与利用还停留在初级阶段,存在许多困难与问题。我们要从更新观念、加强规划、突出特色、准确定位,加大投入等方面促进资源县民俗文化的发掘与利用,以促进旅游产业的发展。     

遏制不利因素 强化“维稳”机制

当前,我区总体社会治安形势稳定,但还存在着一些不稳定的因素。如,群体性事件、＂三股势力＂活动、西方敌对势力涉疆活动、非法宗教活动等。各种因素相互交织,使矛盾的不确定风险增大,＂维稳＂更为艰巨。因此,正确分析社会存在的各种矛盾,遏制和消除＂维稳＂的不利因素,建立纠纷排查和＂维稳＂风险评估、完善法制建设、继续长久地保持＂高压态势＂、加大社区＂维稳＂建设、强化＂综治＂工作等全方位的、立体式的＂维稳＂应对机制,对维护新疆社会稳定,加快社会经济发展,有着十分重要的现实意义。