Stem families in rural northwestern Germany? Family systems,intergenerational relations and family contracts

The article investigates intergenerational social relations, distribution of power and mutual rights and obligations within rural families in nineteenth-century Westphalia. Following Frédéric Le Play and Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, historiography assumes the predominance of a stem family system in northwestern Germany. However, the definition of ‘stem family’ is still not well determined to date. In particular, the question of paternal authority pertains to the core concept of stem families, but has received rather little attention in historical research. The article argues that there are good reasons to question the adequacy of the notion of ‘stem family’ for northwestern Germany. Using farm and house transfer contracts as qualitative sources, the strong position of farm heirs will be demonstrated. These contracts settled relationships between family members after intergenerational transition, especially for different types of family composition. Ageing parents were confronted with children having alternative options to make a living and had to make far-reaching concessions if they wanted a child to stay and work or respectively care for them. Even parents who still wanted to manage the farm on their own gave up the property rights in order to keep a son or a daughter as labour force and care-taker on the farm. This points to considerable bargaining power of adult children, and strongly diminished parental authority even in multiple households.     

对严密和完善现行户籍管理制度的几点思考

户籍管理涉及到社会生活的方方面面,与人民群众的切身利益密切相关。但随着经济的发展和社会主义政治文明建设的加强,形成干相对封闭状态和计划经济时代的现行户籍管理制度已越来越不适应。公安机关应与时俱进,积极推进改革,这对于引导农村劳动力合理有序流动,加快城市化进程,实现全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标,具有重要意义。     

我国现行户籍制度的弊端及对策思考

随着市场经济的发展,“城乡二元分割”的户籍管理制度弊病日益凸现。克服弊端的对策是:强化户籍管理基础性工作;建立城乡统一的户口登记制度;加快户籍管理立法步伐;积极调整户口迁移政策;从以户口为中心的静态管理逐步向以人为中心的动态管理过渡;提高户籍管理科技含量等。户籍制度改革呈现渐进性、步骤性和非物质化的特点。     

论迁徙自由

迁徙自由是现代社会公民的一项基本权利 ,当今世界大多数国家的宪法和国际公约中都有对迁徙自由权的规定。由于种种原因 ,我国现行宪法并没有规定这一权利 ,并且在现实中 ,这一权利还受到户籍等制度的极大限制。笔者认为 ,实现迁徙自由 ,是市场经济的客观要求 ,是经济持续增长和现代化的迫切需要 ,也是实现社会公平和履行国际公约的要求 ,我国宪法应及早恢复迁徙自由权 ,同时采取有效措施来保障这一基本人权的实施。     

宋代乡村户意识形态研究

缘于精英层对程朱理学的误读,致使不少人对宋代社会观念存有曲解。五代时期的纷争,土地私有制的风行,已使人们的头脑中充满了利欲的观念。就乡村户而言,其意识形态突出地表现为以下三种:1 追末逐利,诚信孝悌的朴素伦理式微;2 富求贵,贫求富心态;3 重鬼神、祭祖,轻法度心理。宋代乡村户中普遍存在的这三种具有代表性的意识形态是宋代经济、社会变动的反映,它具有中国前近代乡村民众意识形态的共性,又鲜明地体现着有宋一代的时代特点。     

中国户籍制度与城市化进程的反思

中国户籍制度像一道不可逾越的鸿沟,将中国分为泾渭分明的两大块:城市社会和农村社会。由此,强化二元经济结构,延缓了城市化进程。当前要加快城市化发展步伐,统筹城乡发展,建设和谐社会,必须改革现行户籍制度,但时下尚有人士对改革户籍制度疑虑重重,担忧引发“城市病”。这种观点不仅理论上缺乏科学依据,而且实践中将有碍户籍制度改革和“三农”问题的解决,进而影响城市化进程。     

夫妻共有不动产项下隐名共有人的保护

由于婚后所得共同所有制的广泛适用,登记在夫妻一方名下的不动产,在其成为夫妻共有财产时,另一方的共有权未能在不动产登记中得以体现,因此,出现了隐名的共有人。由于《婚姻法》上日常家事代理权的范围不够明确,加上《物权法》上善意取得制度的适用,这种隐名共有权难以对抗交易第三人。为了解决此困境,一方面,应将日常家事限于为家庭生活需求的事务;另一方面,有必要在不动产登记事项中增加夫妻财产制类型的备案制度,以解决隐名共有人和相关权利人的权利的失衡问题。     

Collateral Damage: The Impact of Mortgage Debt on U.S. Savings

This article contributes to the literature on saving by empirically investigating the determinants of the saving rate in the United States, with a special focus on the role of mortgage debt. Using data from 1987 to 2013, we find that mortgage payments have a substantial negative impact on both personal and private saving rates in the United States. An increase of 10 percentage points in mortgage payments leads to a 9.1-percentage-point drop in the personal saving rate and a 12.4-percentage-point drop in the private saving rate. In addition, including mortgage debt as an explanatory variable leads to significant changes in the impact of other variables, which further reinforces our claim that mortgage debt is important for the analysis of the saving rate. Comparing mortgage payments with nonmortgage consumer debt payments, we find that mortgage payments have a larger impact on the private saving rate whereas nonmortgage consumer debt payments have a larger impact on the personal saving rate. We also find a partial but robust crowding-out effect of public saving rate on the two saving rates. Our results have implications for monetary policy and government policies that encourage mortgage borrowing.     

户籍制度改革的经济学分析及路径探索

户籍制度关系到公民个人的基本权利以及劳动力资源的有效配置.中国城乡分隔的户籍制度是农村剩余劳动力不能及时转移到城镇从而造成农业劳动生产率低下的重要原因.自改革开放以来,中国一直在进行户籍制度改革,但进展并不顺利,这与人们的一些认识误区有关.为此,本研究对户籍制度改革进行经济学分析,进而对改革路径进行探索.研究认为:城镇...     

2000年以来户籍制度改革的基本评估与政策分析——21世纪以来中国城镇化进程中的户籍制度改革问题研究之一

中国城乡二元户籍制度的建立和形成,是新中国第一波工业化的产物.虽然在历史上曾支持了中国工业化的最初起步,但付出的社会成本极大,既显失公平,也丧失了效益,违背了现代化发展的一般规律和社会主义的平等原则.在保障实施重工业优先发展的工业化战略的同时,也迟滞了城市化的进程,形成了社会城乡二元结构的诸多深层次问题.在中国改革开放后,随着市场经济为导向的第二波工业化进程的推进,城镇化步骤加快,对城乡二元户籍制度形成了强烈的冲击.进入21世纪以来,中国的发展水平已达到了工业化中期.在推进第三波工业化过程中,作为城镇化战略的重要内容,国家进一步推动了城镇户籍改革,并取得了突破性的进展,城镇化和工业化的发展落差渐趋平衡.随着户籍改革的深入,在户籍制度背后的一些深层次问题也逐步显性化了,涉及方方面面的利益调整.因此,户籍改革必须在统筹兼顾中稳步推进,与新农村建设的城乡政策相配套,全面破除城乡二元结构的利益壁垒.