Old people in Polish cities in the late eighteenth century

The issue of old age as a period in life of a person in the cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not widely discussed in historic literature of the past. This was due, to a large extent, to the beliefs of the researchers regarding the difficulty in capturing this phenomenon in light of rather Modest statistical sources. This study is, therefore, an attempt to scrutinise the mechanisms behind the functioning of city communities in the territories of central Poland in the late-feudal age on a basic level - the level of the smallest social unit and its economic base, i.e. the household, based on handwritten civil-military censuses from 1791-1792. The author is interested in the living situation of old people, their sizes and gender proportions in cities varying in size: from small to large ones in the second half of the 18th century. The article presents the dependencies between the age and position of men and women in the household and the proportions of old people being heads of households. Using the typology by Peter Laslett a model of a household ran by old people was shown against the background of a general structure of households in cities. The last part of the text concerns the size of households ran by old people, taking into account the social status, and their position within the family. The analysis of the censuses does not allow to determine any clear difference of living through old age in Polish cities in the 18th century in comparison to the regions which are attributed a ’unique’ model of European forms of family. The structural similarity of old age seen in Polish cities is closer to the model observed in cities of western than of eastern Europe.     

“宅基地换房”——天津户籍制度改革的有益尝试

随着改革开放的深入和经济社会的发展,农村的城镇化已成为不可逆转之势。全国各地农村在推进小城镇建设中模式各异,天津市正在探索一条以宅基地换房建设示范小城镇的新路子,而户籍制度作为城乡二元结构的突出表现形式已面临着全面改革的阶段。本文综合考察了天津市各示范镇认为,以＂宅基地换房＂的办法是天津户籍制度改革的有益尝试。     

户籍制度改革与地方政府的职能转变——以郑州户籍制度改革为例

2001—2005年的郑州户籍制度改革发生在全国户籍制度改革的大背景下,其在改革过程中存在着三组矛盾:实现社会公平与官员追求政绩的矛盾、户口束缚解除与财政支出增加的矛盾、领导决定与公民参与的矛盾。这三组矛盾在一定程度上暴露出政府在政治过程中的职能缺位,所以,地方政府制度创新的基础是政府职能的转变,地方政府要树立责任政府、服务政府与透明政府的观念,并将之付诸实践。     

我国“劳动法”与CPTPP劳工条款接合的法律方案研究

我国“劳动法”对接CPTPP劳工条款有利于我国融入国际经贸规则体系,也有利于避免社会倾销调查。我国“劳动法”对接CPTPP劳工条款的制度框架包括原则性条款、实体权利条款、组织性条款、实施条款和纠纷解决条款。我国“劳动法”与CPTPP劳工条款接合的法律方案可分为国际和国内两个层面。国际层面可利用双边协议争取劳工标准实施的缓冲期、利用程序性规定防止争端解决程序滥用、适时推进结社权和集体谈判权相关公约的批准。国内层面可在海南自贸港提前试行CPTPP劳工规则：在强迫劳动方面,重点推动服刑人员报酬制度改革;在职业歧视方面,重点推动户籍制度改革以消除基于户籍的制度性歧视;在结社权和集体谈判权方面,可参考借鉴CPTPP缔约国越南和新加坡的经验。     

论传统社会户籍身份法律制度

户籍制度是中国传统社会极具特色之处。中国在先秦时代就形成了户籍制度。户籍是封建国家据以征调赋税、劳役、兵役以及区分人户职业和等级的重要凭证,也由此形成了独具特色的中国户籍身份制。     

Community perceptions of a public sex offender registry introduced in Western Australia

Abstract

Publically accessible information about sex offenders through an online registry of sex offenders has been a polemic issue for governments, police and the wider community with debate largely driven by community expectations of police ensuring the safety of children and women from sexual predators. In October 2012, Western Australia became the first and currently only state or territory in Australia to allow public access to a three tiered register via the Community Protection Website (CPW) that would be monitored by West Australian Police. The introduction of this website triggered significant debate across the country. A survey was developed to capture the opinions of members of the public who had accessed the online registry to understand their views of the online tool and its purpose as a form of community safety. Findings from the survey reveal that the community lacks understanding of the prevalence of child sexual abuse and the fact that a child is more likely to experience sexual victimization within the family unit. There is also a need for greater community education and awareness about the purpose and limitations of the CPW as many believed that all sex known sex offenders are publicly registered, therefore creating a false sense of security.     

中国古代身份信息管理初探

中国历代王朝都建立了户籍管理制度。在户籍登记中包含了身份信息的内容,如姓名、住址、相貌、职业等。统治者通过定期的登记与核实、严密的社区基层组织的管理、严厉的惩罚制度来保证登记信息的真实准确。古代社会借助官府的户籍登记信息、基层组织管理者、连坐制相纠相察,实现对人口的验证、查询。但古代静态的人口管理模式无法应对人口流动的社会趋势,身份信息管理常有失灵状况。     

中国户籍制度改革的取向与步骤——基于户籍功能的分析

户籍的传统功能是经济功能和管理功能,经济功能是指资源配置和赋税征收,管理职能主要是社会治安管理。在市场经济条件下,由于流动人口会产生"人户分离",由此导致户籍传统功能的缺失。改革现行户籍制度就是要建立一个以人的指纹等生物特征为基本内容的、以计算机管理为手段的户籍系统,在"户籍信息"和"特定个人"之间建立联系,恢复户籍的经济功能和管理功能。     

农村人口变迁对农业家庭经营的影响与法律对策

作为农村社会变迁的重要组成部分,农村人口变迁主要包括人口数量、结构、质量、心理素质以及思想观念等方面的变化。在新的历史时期,我国农村人口的变迁呈现出独特的趋势。农村人口各个方面的变迁会对农业家庭经营产生重要而又深远的影响,因此,必须重视农村人口变迁的趋势及其影响,着力调整计划生育、农村就业以及农村公共产品供给等方面的法律制度,确保我国农业家庭经营获得健康发展。     

Personal Criminal Victimization in the United States: Fixed and Random Effects of Individual and Household Characteristics

The present research is concerned with multilevel modeling of personalvictimization rates. Data from the 1994 National Crime Victimization Surveyare employed. Following the routine activities and lifestyle victimizationtheory, individuals' profile and lifestyle as well as characteristics oftheir household comprise the set of explanatory variables. The results ofestimated multilevel negative binomial models, which explicitly disentanglethe unexplained heterogeneity between individuals and between households,are discussed. The estimated random effects of household characteristicsshow that the unexplained heterogeneity for the average number of personalcrimes differs across household types. Further, the individual covariateswith between households random effects become less influential the more thebase personal crime rates are high.