论地方立法的三个关系

作为立法体系中的一个子系统 ,地方立法有着明确的任务和作用 ,其功能的发挥离不开整个立法系统中其他子系统的影响 ,需要处理好与这些子系统相互之间的关系 ;同时 ,还要协调好与系统外关联要素之间的关系。其中 ,与之关联最紧密的有三 :中央立法、地方实情和经济全球化 ,处理好与它们之间的关系对地方立法具有十分重要的意义。     

对国际法上“自卫权”的探讨——兼评美国发动伊拉克战争的“自卫”理由

自卫权属于国家的基本权利———自保权的重要内容之一。一般而言 ,自卫权的行使应针对实际已发生的外来武装攻击行为。但是 ,在实践中各国学者对自卫权实施的“时机”和“适度性”、自卫权行使之必要性的判断权归属、“集体自卫权”行使的条件等一系列问题存在着一些分歧和争议 ,尤其是对所谓“先发制人”的“预防性自卫权”的行使存在着很大的争议。多数学者认为 ,“预防性自卫权”的行使必须十分谨慎 ,最好由一定国际机构 (比如联合国安理会 )来判断其行使的必要性。本文认为 ,从多数学者认同的观点看 ,美国对伊拉克所实施的“先发制人”的自卫行动似乎缺乏合理的依据。     

Challenges to Intergovernmental Relations in Switzerland and Japan

In comparing Switzerland and Japan with respect to intergovernmental relations, differences are more obvious than similarities. Switzerland is a strongly federalist country. In contrast, Japan was clearly centralist in the past, and despite continuing decentralization reforms, it is usually still considered to be so today. The influence of the lower levels of government on the national legislative process remains comparatively low in Japan. Its centralized political structure seems to fit Japan's homogeneous culture, while on the other hand Swiss federalism has proven to be apt for the integration of minorities and for respect of cultural diversity. In spite of obvious basic differences, intergovernmental relations in these two countries face similar challenges: the concentration of human and economic resources in urban areas, the weakening of sub‐national parliaments, and financial strain.     

Taphonomic Marks on Pig Tissue Due to Cadaveric Coleoptera Activity Under Controlled Conditions

The aim of this work was to study taphonomic marks that cadaveric coleopteran can produce under controlled conditions. To evaluate this, pig trotters were initially exposed to adults of Dermestes maculatus De Geer at 21 ± 5°C and a 12:12‐h day/night cycle. Observations were made and photographs taken every 4–5 days for 9 months. When feeding and reproducing, D. maculatus produced, in both adult and larvae stages, different types of marks such as holes, striations, scratches, and pits in several kinds of tissue such as integumental, connective, and muscular, in both their fresh and dried stages. Bite marks were also evident. The results in this study provide not only taphonomic but also biological and forensic information. This is the first time that this kind of experiment has been performed.     

新鲜血痕样本直接扩增试验条件比较

目的探讨新鲜血痕在不同直接扩增试剂盒的试验条件。方法存放2d内的新鲜血痕FTA卡540份和存放1～3m的陈旧性血痕FTA卡270份,各分别随机均分为3组,每份血痕打3片1．0mm纸片,分别用ONATyper^TM15Plus试剂盒、Goldeye^TM20A试剂盒和华夏。”试剂盒在标准条件（说明书条件）、优化条件1（标准条件＋1μLDMSO）和优化条件2（标准条件＋室温浸泡1h）扩增检验,比较在3种条件下各组STR检验成功率。结果陈旧血痕样本用3种直扩试剂盒,在3种条件下,检验成功率均〉97．00％,且均高于新鲜血痕。新鲜血痕在标准条件和优化条件1下,成功率为27．22％～31．67％,在优化条件2下,检验成功率相似（〉97．00％）,与标准条件和优化条件1比较,有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。结论新鲜血痕在加入直接扩增试剂后于室温浸泡1h,可有效提高STR检验成功率。     

附条件不起诉制度研究

修改后的刑事诉讼法在未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序中规定了附条件不起诉制度,这对完善我国起诉制度、贯彻宽严相济刑事政策等有着重要的意义和价值,但现行法律规定的附条件不起诉制度还有不足之处,如适用案件范围过窄、适用程序条件不够明确等。少年司法向来是司法制度改革的先驱和前沿,刑事司法领域尤其如此。检察机关要充分发挥法律新赋予的职权,在未成年人附条件不起诉这块"试验田"上改革创新,精耕细作,探索构建出完善的未成年人附条件不起诉制度,进而推动立法扩大适用范围,逐步完善我国附条件不起诉制度。     

Would Bigger Councils Yield Scale Economies in the Greater Perth Metropolitan Region? A Critique of the Metropolitan Local Government Review for Perth Local Government

Forced amalgamation is a ubiquitous feature of Australian local government reform – compulsory council consolidation programs have occurred in all states and territories, with the sole exception of Western Australia. However, the Final Report of the Metropolitan Local Government – released in October 2012 – called for a reduction of about 60 per cent of the local authorities in the Greater Perth metropolitan area. The Western Australian Government responded by announcing that the number of Perth councils will fall from 30 to 14 from 1 July 2015. The Final Report recommended amalgamation on seven main counts, including scale economies. However, apart from citing work on Tasmania by commercial consultants Deloitte Access Economics (DAE) (2011), no econometric evidence was produced in support of claims on scale economies. This paper seeks to remedy this deficiency by estimating a number of econometric models on the impact of amalgamation on Perth local government. The results of our empirical modelling suggest that scale economies, cost savings and other pecuniary gains are largely illusory. Indeed, only two of the ten main local government functions provide evidence to suggest potential economies of scale.     

地方金融的监管逻辑及规范路径

在我国地方金融快速发展背景下,加强地方金融监管势在必行.本文基于金融监管的基本逻辑,在分析地方金融监管现状的基础上,指出了地方金融监管存在的主要问题,探讨了规范我国地方金融监管的可能路径.研究认为地方金融监管体制改革可按以下设想逐步推进：厘清中央与地方金融监管权的边界;建立健全地方性金融监管规章;组建统一的地方金融监管机构;逐步充实地方金融监管机构的监管责权;完善地方金融监管机构自身建设.     

安徽生态文明建设若干立法问题研究

生态文明建设是中国特色社会主义的重要组成部分。生态文明建设必须走法治之路,在新的历史起点上,仍需从宪法和法律的层面上,对生态文明建设国家立法的战略进行调整。首先要将生态文明建设作为基本国策写入宪法,作为国家发展的大政方针,作为全体人民的共同行为准则。其次要研究构建生态文明建设的法律体系框架。从安徽地方实际看,应抓紧生态文明建设密切相关的若干立法项目研究,要根据立法法的规定,抓紧研究和制定《安徽省生态文明建设条例》,重点研究起草和修改与生态文明建设相关的地方性法规,为安徽生态文明建设提供强有力的法规支撑。     

大陆地区地方治理中的公民参与

公民参与是衡量一个国家政治民主化的重要尺度,而地方治理理念及分权化的制度设计为公民参与公共生活与公共事务管理提供了广阔的空间。地方治理是公民直接参与社会事务的有效途径,公民参与是地方治理的核心内容。地方治理的发展水平及治理能力和公民参与之间存在密切联系。地方治理中公民参与的困境需要找到行之有效的解决路径。