Overview of: “Crime Place and Pollution: Expanding Crime Reduction Options Through a Regulatory Approach”

Research Summary Crime reduction policy has focused almost exclusively on offenders. Recent studies and evaluations show that expanding our policy portfolio to include places may be highly productive. We show that there is considerable research showing that crime is concentrated at a relatively few locations, that high-crime places are stable, that changing places can reduce crime, that displacement is not only far from inevitable but also less likely than the diffusion of crime prevention benefits, and that owners of high-crime places can be held accountable for the criminogenic conditions of their locations. We link these findings to environmental policy, where environmental scientists, economists, and regulators have developed a broad set of regulatory options. The core of this article describes a portfolio of environmental policy instruments directly applicable to crime places. We also discuss major decisions local governments will need to make to implement various forms of regulation, and we list challenges that governments must anticipate in planning for such implementation. We argue that a regulatory approach to crime places has the potential to lower the cost to taxpayers of reducing crime by shifting costs from governments to the relatively few place owners whose actions create crime-facilitating conditions. Policy Implications Taking a regulatory approach to crime places substantially expands the crime policy options under consideration. Regulatory options may increase local governments’ effectiveness at reducing crime while reducing governments’ costs. This is because regulatory approaches have the potential to shift some portion of the financial burden for crime fighting to owners of criminogenic locations. Policy makers can select between means-based anticrime regulations that focus on how place owners manage their locations and ends-based regulations that focus on the number of crimes allowed at places. Both of these approaches contain several alternative regulatory instruments, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Experimenting with various regulatory instruments could lead to the development of a range of new crime reduction policies. In addition, a regulatory approach has implications for the funding of policy research. Means-based regulatory instruments require governments to develop evidence that the means they regulate have the desired impact on crime. Ends-based regulatory instruments shift this burden to the regulated places.     

The Quest for Community Development in Nigeria: Interrogating the Utility of Fourth-Tier System of Government in Imo State

The recent establishment of fourth-tier system as a distinct, but coordinating level of government in Imo State came with the expectation that it would facilitate community development. However, the underdevelopment situation of most communities dashed this expectation. Thus, this recent study adopted theory of postcolonial state as our analytical framework to interrogate the development utility of the fourth-tier system using mixed research methods for evidence gathering and analysis. The analysis revealed that the system grossly underperformed its development functions resulting from lack of stakeholders’ supports, which should be the basis for determination and implementation of fourth-tier system in Imo State.     

关于越战期间美国老挝政策的国外成果研究综述

冷战初期，老挝本不是美国东南亚政策的重点问题，但随着越南战争的爆发，美国对老挝的重视程度逐步加深，直至派出地面部队进行干涉。这一问题值得深思。国外针对该领域的研究已硕果累累，但国内的相关研究才刚刚起步。对国外相关研究成果的整理和推介，应有助于推动国内学者在该领域的研究取得更新突破。     

论ICSID仲裁庭对视为外国法人管辖权的扩张

国际投资争端仲裁管辖权是解决投资争端国际中心机制的重要内容,是"中心"仲裁庭进行仲裁的前提条件,具有重要的实践和理论意义。对于视为外国国民投资者管辖权问题,《公约》规定的较为模糊和弹性,近年来,"中心"做扩大解释,导致与此相关的仲裁实践中出现扩张性管辖案例,直接挑战"中心"现有的运行机制,这种扩展性管辖在南美等一些国家甚至有泛滥的趋势,对发展中国家经济发展带来极大负面效应。深入剖析和评价这一现象,并提出我国的应对策略,具有重要的现实意义。     

非政府组织公共政策参与问题与对策研究

本文主要讨论了我国非政府组织的政策参与现状和存在的问题，并从改善非政府组织发展的法律环境，厘清其与政府的关系，提高其运营素质和运营水平，拓宽其政策参与渠道四个方面提出了相应的对策。     

论我国产业政策的法治化及实施制度重构

产业政策的实施机制的完备是产业政策功能实现的根本,而产业政策的实施必须按法治化的思路进行,而当前我国处于经济转型期,现有的经济体制状况要求国家宏观调控主要运用经济政策和经济杠杆对经济生活进行间接的、一定范围内的干预。在这种体制转型过程中,产业政策可以起到关键性作用。     

拉玛六世的民族主义与排华思想及其影响

从1910年泰国拉玛六世登基到1944年披汶·颂堪军人政权的垮台，在这30多年的时间里，泰国统治阶级掀起了泰中关系史上的第一次排华浪潮。可以说拉玛六世最先拉开了排华运动的序幕，创建君主立宪制的民党政府则将排华丑剧推上了舞台，而披汶·颂堪政府则把这出丑剧表演得淋漓尽致。纵观这期间的排华政策，几乎都是以“限制华人政治权利、打压华人经济、阻止中华文化传播”为主线，但在具体措施上略有异同。     

The Search for Job Satisfaction: A Survey of Alabama Policing

This study examines police job satisfaction and its association with general occupational attraction. Police officers from sixteen municipal departments (n = 1,114) across one southern state (Alabama) were found to possess moderate-high overall job satisfaction, with regression analysis supporting the conclusions of prior studies that demographics are of little value to understanding job satisfaction. The findings convey that 25% of job satisfaction variance can be explained from six variables (in order of importance): social contribution, pay, adventure/excitement, autonomy, peer respect, and job security. The importance of benefits and community respect was unsupported, as were partner and special operation assignments. The author concludes that a great portion of police satisfaction hinges on the realization of work environment expectations, and that departments must proactively construct policies to enhance fulfillment of officer aspirations.     

论刑事政策对刑法解释的意义

从实证研究的角度看,我国存在着两种具有法律意义的刑法解释体系:刑法有权解释体系和刑法适用解释体系。刑法适用解释对定罪量刑有着更加现实和重要的意义。刑事政策是刑法定罪量刑的基础。无论是刑法有权解释还是刑法适用解释,其内容都必须符合刑事政策的要求。     

刑事政策与刑法关系的应然追求

刑事政策与刑法的关系一直是个争议问题.在刑事法治观念日益深厚而刑事政策地位日隆的今天,讨论二者的关系意义尤其重大.刑事政策与刑法关系的核心,是在区别二者前提下的互动、制约、促进关系.刑法对刑事政策的制约主要涉及刑事政策的制定和实施,这是法治的要求,是权利保障的要求;刑事政策对刑法的指导主要体现在法律的制定、实施和法律变革上,这是时代发展的要求,也是社会防卫的要求.而倡行法治、保障人权是刑事政策和刑法都应该奉行的基本原则,是已为现代法治国家的刑事司法实践所证实的理性选择.