资产占有的性别不平等与贫困

由于资产的获得与分配在中国一直是以家庭为单元而表现的,这在很大程度上掩盖了不同性别在获得资产的具体方面的性别不平等状态。家庭内部资产占有的性别差异在家庭内部隐含了不平等的要素。同时,资产占有上的性别不平等与农户贫困产生了交互影响。     

我国侦查羁押制度的实证考察与研究

目前我国侦查羁押期限普遍较长,侦查羁押期限与案件的难易程度不成比例,司法控制机制尚不够健全,侦查羁押制度的功能主要是刑事追诉的手段.究其原因,从实证角度分析主要是侦查对口供的过分依赖,缺乏外部控制和救济机制.因此,应当以比例性原则和司法救济原则为基础,在现有的法律框架下,强化司法控制,建立羁押司法审查和刑事羁押独立制度,赋予犯罪嫌疑人申请权、申诉权,以完善侦查羁押制度.     

Influences and Mediators of the Effect of Poverty on Young Adolescent Depressive Symptoms

Data from a sample of young adolescents between the ages of 10 and 12 years (N = 898) from the mother–child data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were analyzed in a study of influences that explain the relation between poverty and depressive symptoms measured 2 years later. Other variables that predicted youth depressive symptoms were also identified. Results indicated that neighborhood problems, nonparticipation in outside school and neighborhood activities, residing with mothers who exhibited depressive symptoms, and mother's use of physical punishment were partial mediators of the effect of poverty on depressive symptoms 2 years later. Youth health status, lower levels of school satisfaction, marital-partner conflict, and father's emotional support also predicted depressive symptoms. The findings indicate that youth depressive symptoms are multiply determined and that poverty can adversely affect young adolescents in many ways.     

从印度洋海啸分析国际人道主义援助模式

2004年底发生的印度洋海啸给人类带来了一场空前的灾难,随后的国际人道主义援助无论从规模上,还是从数量上都突破了历史记录。通过对这次国际援助的分析,我们看到国际人道主义援助模式还不可能摆脱国际权力政治,依然是一个援助国和受援国之间互相作用的复杂过程。要使国际援助更加符合人道主义的本意,国际社会还需要继续培养合作意识,加强国际协调组织的建立和作用。     

简论阿马蒂亚·森理论对中国反贫困的启示

"自由"有超越效率、经济利益的意义,发展就是自由的扩展。"自由"的基础是要有"可行能力"。市场的整体成就深深地依赖于政治和社会安排。贫困的实质不是收入的低下,而是可行能力的贫困或被剥夺。中国反贫困对策的核心是政府要通过恰当的公共政策来提高贫困人口的可行能力。     

法治警务框架下行政即时强制的规范和救济

行政即时强制是公安机关和其他有权机关在执法过程中经常运用的一种极为特殊的行政强制手段。由于它的特殊性和高自我裁量性,在理论上和实践中都极为容易造成对公民人权的损害。法治警务框架的构建和“立警为公,执政为民”的提出必然要求对即时强制予以规范和救济。     

《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》及其实施

虽然经济、社会和文化权利与公民权利和政治权利相比具有一些不同的特点,但前者并非"二等权利",也是文明人类所享有的基本权利.经社文权利的实施主要通过立法及行政措施,其中一部分也可获得缔约国国内司法救济.在国际层面,政府间组织和非政府组织对国家履行经社文公约的情况进行监督.全球化进程将促进经社文权利的实现.     

关于社会救济立法的思考

现代社会保障制度的建立、形成和普遍发展,是社会文明进步的一种表现,但是我国目前所采用的福利型社会保障制度由于缺少必要的经济基础作保障而显得步履维艰。因此,积极建立以社会救济制度为核心内容的新型社会保障法律体系已是必然。     

Politics, Altruism, and the Definition of Poverty

The history of poverty lines suggests that they are determined jointly with poverty policy in the same political game. If the definition of poverty is endogenous, however, why do altruistic voters allow poverty to persist indefinitely, as seems to be the case in real life? A simple redistribution model shows that the persistence of poverty imposes fairly strong restrictions on the nature of voter altruism. Specifically, a voter's compassion for the poor must rise as the defined severity of the poverty problem worsens. Given such preferences, political actors face incentives to define poverty as a severe problem and then to use redistribution to reduce it significantly. There is no direct incentive to eliminate poverty, however; indeed, voters may prefer a state in which policy always attacks poverty vigorously and yet never defeats it. It follows that social policy should not be judged by its success in eliminating poverty, which may be directly counter to voter interests and therefore practically impossible. Rather, we should ask whether poverty policy provides enough help to people whom voters currently consider to be poor.     

效率违约悖论

效率违约是经济分析法学派的经典理论之一。其核心思想是,如果履行成本大于因违约所应支付的损害赔偿金,那么违约就是有效率的。其将合同法从惩恶扬善的工具变成了合理划分商业风险的法律手段。此理论一度为美国司法实务界所崇尚。然效率违约并非真效率,这种理论只有在满足绝对条件情况下才能实现,但是无论从效率违约的前提假设基础,还是从合同法本身的制度设计而言,效率违约非效率,实乃悖论。