Influence of Khat （Miraa） on Primary School Dropout Among Boys in Meru County,Kenya

Despite introduction of Kenya＇s Free Primary Education in 2003 to achieve Universal Primary Education （MDG2）, primary school boys＇ enrolment in Kangeta is declining while dropout rates are increasing. This study investigated the influence of Khat （Catha edulis） on the boys＇ dropout rates. A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 210 randomly selected dropouts and 10 primary school head teachers. Content validity of the teachers＇ questionnaire and boys＇ interview guide was ascertained by education experts, while reliability coefficients determined through a pilot test was 0.83a and 0.72a respectively. Peer pressure, Khat chewing, and easy money from Khat trade forced boys to leave school. Khat was highly regarded, socially accepted, and promoted the local people＇s economy and culture but was partly responsible for the boys＇ dropout. About 62% of the dropouts regretted leaving school and would re-enroll if given a chance. About 89% of the money from Khat was spent on food rather than investment. Parents and education stakeholders should help pupils complete education by discouraging them from engaging in Khat. Those involved in Khat should be encouraged to invest part of their income.     

物的基本区分与物权法的结构

物的基本区分对物权法律制度有着结构性影响。受前苏联法影响,把物区分为生产资料和生活资料曾经决定了中国民事立法的基本构造。在《物权法》中,物的划分不再以政治经济学为根据,转而以潘德克顿法学为学理根据,把物区分为不动产与动产并设置不同的法律规则。     

马克思与恩格斯对唯物史观理解之差异

马克思与恩格斯对唯物史观的理解存在着差异:恩格斯限于"经济关系起决定作用"的观点,而马克思则进一步推进到"生产力与生产关系矛盾运动规律是推动历史发展的动力"的思想。这种差异反证了马克思才是创立唯物史观的第一提琴手。     

工会在抓安全生产中的作用--日照市建委工会工作有新举措

在十六大精神的指导下,日照市建委工会摒弃旧的思维定势,不断创新安全生产管理的有效方法,使全系统安全生产成效显著,实现了工会工作的新突破.     

Co‐production: Option or Obligation?

Co‐production is an idea being discussed in the international public management literature but less so in New Zealand and Australia. Co‐production rejects the idea of service delivery to passive users, proposing instead they be treated as active participants in the production of outcomes. As partners in delivery, users bring resources, skills and capabilities to their interactions with providers. Co‐production requires providers to share power and negotiate the interaction. There are strong managerial reasons for adopting co‐production to improve effectiveness and efficiency. But the political reasons for adopting co‐production are even stronger because of trends of many decades towards greater citizen participation. These reasons oblige public managers in Australasia to adopt co‐production in many fields of policy as part of the future.     

工会要在促进企业安全生产中发挥重要作用

安全生产关系人民群众的生命财产安全,关系改革发展和社会稳定的大局。工会组织要站在"三个代表"的高度,充分认识抓安全的重要性和必要性;把安全生产作为企业民主管理的重要内容,切实加强民主管理和民主监督;认真贯彻劳动保护工作的"三个条例",在保障职工身体健康和生命安全上搞好源头维护。     

“少生快富”与宁夏回族群众生育观念的转变

在由传统型社会向现代型社会转变的新时期,宁夏回族群众在生育问题上呈现出一些新特点与新动向,生育意愿与生育政策的差距逐渐缩小,实行计划生育的自觉性有所提高。这些改变对宁夏经济发展、生产力水平提高产生了深远的影响。     

建设社会主义新农村略论

以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央,适应新的发展要求,以总揽全局的战略眼光提出了建设社会主义新农村的重大历史任务,突出强调了全面建设小康社会和推进我国现代化的重点与难点所在。建设社会主义新农村的基本要求是“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”。这5句话、20个字体现了新形势下农村经济、政治、文化和社会全面发展的要求,反映了新阶段我国农村发展的实际,概括了社会主义新农村建设的总体思路和部署。建设社会主义新农村必须按照统筹城乡发展的要求,贯彻工业反哺农业、城市带动农村的方针,坚持从农村实际出发,充分尊重农民意愿,大力推进现代农业建设、培育新型农民、深化农村改革、发展农村公共事业、增加农民收入,促进我国农村经济社会发展出现新的飞跃。     

Some Aspects of the Principle of " common="" butdifferentiated="" responsibilities""="

The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, one of the key concepts of sustainable development, has dual grounding; the pressures developed countries place on the global environment; and the technologies and financial resources they command. Though the developed countries are reluctant to admit the first grounding, the developing countries have a strong leverage to induce the former to accept differentiated treatment in their favor.Thus, this principle has become to be reflected in some conventions in the field of environment and development. The reflection of this principle takes two forms: one is "double standards" in environmental protection standards as well as their implementation in favor of developing countries; and the other is assistance by developed countries for sustainable development of developing countries. At present, "double standards" seem to be inevitable, but, they must be temporary measures in view of the integral and interdependent nature of global environment. And, in order to overcome these "double standards", the attainment by developing countries of their sustainable development seems to be indispensable. In a substantial number of environmental conventions, developed country parties assume obligations to assist development country parties. However, these obligations are confirmed to "incremental costs" necessary for implementation of the convention concerned, and do not extent to assistance for sustainable development in general. Changing consumption and production patterns seems to be one of the most important aspects of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, since this concept takes issue, for the first time, with the pattern of development pursued by developed countries. However, this concept has much difficulties in translating into international legal terms.Though it may be difficult at present to characterize the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities to be a customary norm of international law, it is surely a basic principle of international law, and as such, may operate as a guiding principle for law-making, as well as for the interpretation and application of conventions in the field of environment and development.