论警察指挥员的执法作战指挥能力及培养要求

警察指挥员的执法作战指挥能力是影响警察执法活动效能的基本因素之一。其中警察指挥员的作战指挥能力是主观条件,警察执法活动是客观存在,两者互为条件,密切相关。而警察执法活动是复杂的、多方面的,它对警察指挥员的作战指挥能力提出了不同要求,需要具备多种能力,否则警察的执法作战行动就很难展开。因此,警察的各级指挥员必须加强学习和实践锻炼,不断提高执法作战指挥能力,才能胜任现代条件下的警察执法作战指挥的需要。     

Banks and the Communities They Serve: Time to Legislate?

In March 2007 HM Treasury published its latest thoughts on Financial Inclusion (HM Treasury Financial inclusion: The way forward, 2007), highlighting that after 10 years of activity in this area there is still growing evidence that the market is not meeting everyone’s needs, with significant numbers of people not able to access basic financial services such as credit. This continues alongside media stories of further bank branch closures in some areas, branches for high income earners only in others and the continuing controversy surrounding charges. This article will, with reference to the UK government’s financial inclusion agenda assess whether the time has come to implement legislation mandating that UK credit institutions have regard to customers needs when making decisions that could affect those most at risk from restricted access to financial services. These needs can include both access to affordable credit and access to financial services, such as bank accounts. The paper will use as a comparator the much talked about United States Community Reinvestment Act, enacted in 1977 and since amended, hailed (Barr New York University Law Review 80:513, 2005) and criticised (Macey and Miller Virginia Law Review 78:291, 1993) in equal measures, designed to ensure that depository institutions meet the credit needs of the communities they serve, particularly low and moderate income areas. Although not designed to tackle the perceived problems identified by the UK government, would enactment of similar legislation do more to achieve these aims that the activities undertaken so far. The article proposes that one way in which to improve the fight against financial exclusion is to improve the disclosure requirements of financial institutions, forcing them, where necessary, to provide data on lending patterns in disadvantaged areas.

论单位犯罪是共同犯罪

承认单位犯罪是共同犯罪,在理论上和实践中都有其必要性,使对单位犯罪的直接负责的主管人员和直接责任人员追究刑事责任有明确的法律依据,而且在理论上也符合单位犯罪的本质和共同犯罪的成立条件。     

数额认识错误初论

数额认识错误,是指行为人对表现为货币或财物的行为对象的经济价值量的认识错误,即行为人主观上认识到的行为对象的经济价值与实际经济价值的不一致。从本质上看,它并不是一种独立的错误类型,而是属于事实错误中的对象认识错误。是否属于数额认识错误,应当依据法定符合说进行判断。行为人对行为对象数额的认识错误超出构成要件所要求的限度,就会影响到故意的成立以及行为人的刑事责任。     

对两大法系“缺席判决主义”本质之思考

学界大多认为,"缺席判决主义"的本质是缺席就败诉。通过对两大法系一些国家缺席审判制度的深入考察,我们可以发现法官依然要对诉讼要件和证据资料进行审查。同时,在英美法系国家,法官同样须要经过审理才能作出缺席判决;一方当事人不履行审前命令的判决不属于缺席判决。因而,"缺席判决主义"的本质应当定性为单方审查。     

虚假广告代言人法律责任研究

《食品安全法》首次在法律中明确规定了虚假广告代言人个人的法律责任,填补了食品广告领域代言人法律责任的立法空白。虚假广告代言人是广告法律关系中一个独立的主体,当代言产品造成消费者权益损害时,应当承担相应的民事责任。但承担民事责任应当具备一定的条件,而且承担补充责任更为公平,同时虚假广告代言人还应当承担行政责任。     

欧洲联盟法中的指令协调机制

今天的欧洲联盟,已经发展到了27个成员国,它的一体化运动,是以法律的趋同、一致化为条件和体现的。在共同体层面制定的法律,最终要在27个国家得到具体的实现;在这个过程中,法律的协调和一致化的引导是不可缺少的环节。就指令而言,在从欧共体到欧盟的几十年间,采用了"旧"、"新"两种不同的协调方法。通过对它们分别进行考察和结合案例的分析,可以看到协调机制是一个包括欧洲法院参与在内的动态系统。     

醉酒驾车行为刑法适用之解读

如何正确理解和实施刑法修正案(八),需要做深入研究,从醉驾入罪的立法原因入手,对醉酒驾车犯罪的性质、构成要件进行分析;提出在司法实践中,应正确贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策,对醉酒驾车行为要结合犯罪情节进行刑法适用并要有机地与其他法律法规结合适用,从而做到对醉驾案件的公正处理,实现刑法对醉酒驾车行为的惩罚效果。     

和解合同的效力

和解合同是当事人约定互相让步,以终止争执或排除法律关系不明确之状态的合同。和解合同的构成要件有三:第一须有争执或法律关系不明确之状态的存在;第二须有终止争执或排除法律关系不明确状态的意思;第三须有相互让步。和解合同具有确认的效力与和解合同对当事人和第三人的效力以及效力障碍等问题,和解合同撤销的情形有,诸如和解与欺诈、胁迫、显失公平和错误制度。     

Economic voting in multi-tiered polities

This paper assesses whether economic voting plays any role in a parliamentary, decentralized polity. Decentralization is argued to blur lines of responsibility and confuse voters about whom to blame for poor economic performance at the national and regional levels. National and Regional Economic Voting (NEV and REV, respectively) are tested in Catalonia (Spain). The initial empirical test suggests that only NEV takes place in this region. Four hypotheses are considered to explain REV’s absence: blame-shifting, blinding nationalism, coalition government, and misinformation regarding Policy Responsibility Distribution across tiers of government. Using reasonable counterfactuals and Bayesian techniques, the first three hypotheses are dismissed, whereas the last is confirmed. The results emphasize the informational requirements behind the economic voting theory.