Online protection of the child within Europe

This article discusses the online protection available to children and young people within Europe. Children and young people are significant users of information technology and they must be able and comfortable to safely use this technology. The European Union and the Council of Europe have been at the vanguard of attempts to regulate the information society in order to protect young netizens.     

互易毒品行为的刑法性质评析

贩卖毒品罪中的卖出行为本质上以买卖关系为基础,互易毒品行为与之存在着性质差别。有偿性交付毒品和买卖毒品是不能划等号的,有偿性只是贩卖毒品的一个特征,而不是买卖行为的独自属性。将互易毒品行为认定为贩卖行为在逻辑上存在着大前提的判断错误。以毒品代物清偿同样不属于贩卖毒品。一概视为贩卖毒品罪违背了罪刑法定原则。只有通过完善立法,将提供毒品行为立法入罪,才能从根本上解决问题。     

论行政刑法规范的适用与罪刑法定原则

行政刑法规范是规定对违反行政上义务的行为予以相应刑罚处罚的法规,在我国仍然是基于刑法上明确规定的罪名而予以制裁的法规。它并不是独立于刑法的其他的特别部分,而是刑法固有的一部分。因而对于违反行政法规的行为,在刑法规定有可以不适用刑法总则的特别规定时,适用该特别规定,而在有关犯罪以及刑罚的基本原则方面仍应适用刑法典的规定。至于空白行政刑法规范,由于犯罪构成事实的基本轮廓以及刑种与刑度已经有明确规定,而只是将其一部分构成要件授权其他法律或行政命令补充,因而并不违反罪刑法定原则的基本要求。     

日本国际私法现代化的最新进展——从《法例》到《法律适用通则法》

《法律适用通则法》是日本为实现其国际私法立法现代化的目标而对《法例》进行修订的结果。《通则法》对《法例》的修订,不仅体现在立法名称和法律语言的现代化上,更体现在法律适用规则的现代化上。在法律适用方面,《通则法》主要对行为能力、后见开始的审判、失踪宣告、合同、侵权、无因管理、不当得利益以及债权转让等领域的法律适用规则进行了完善。《通则法》的制定对我国国际私法立法的完善有一定借鉴作用。     

事后与事前分析——为《道路交通安全法》第七十六条第一款第二项辩护

单纯从事后角度来分析,《道路交通安全法》第七十六条第一款第二项的规定固然有些不符合公平原则,但从事前角度分析,它能够促使机动车一方与非机动车驾驶人、行人一方严格遵守各项交通法规,积极地避免交通事故,而且它合理地解决了交通事故风险承担问题,有利于风险的避免。     

刑民交叉案件分案审理的标准

司法实践中,人民法院判断刑民交叉案件是否“分案处理”的标准有二：一是“同一法律关系”,二是“同一法律事实”。从法理及实践看,单纯依据某个标准,并不能对刑民交叉是否“分案处理”得出一个统一结论。因此,应将二者结合起来,确立一个综合性判断标准：凡基于不同法律事实引起的刑、民法律关系,应当分案审理;凡基于同一法律事实引起的刑民法律关系,原则上应通过刑事附带民事诉讼合并审理。     

论法治秩序中的“公民美德”

讨论法律与发展的中国经验,不能忽视中国智识群体的“中国经验”,不能忽视他们对中国法治的“问题域”的关注和深入讨论。讲法治秩序,讲宪政安排,讲人的权利保障,需要具有某种能力并有力量去要求并维持政府权力限制之“德性”的公民。提倡以“公民参与”为导向的“公民美德”,显示了公民对有权者施加某种形式的限制的意愿及能力的重要性,对于中国法治秩序形成的先决条件和重要环节而言,是一个极其重要的可能的资源。     

基层政府推进依法行政的成效与问题分析

近年来,基层政府推进依法行政成效显著,但也存在诸多问题,主要体现为:在观念和思想意识上,法治观念虽然有所增强,但是人治观念仍根深蒂固;在行政管理体制上,权与利交易没有从根本上得到遏制,权与责挂钩没有真正实现,依法行政推进工作组织力量薄弱;在行政管理机制上,促进基层政府依法行政的激励机制和惩戒机制均没有完全建立,导致基层政府没有将依法行政真正摆上重要地位;在行政管理制度上,仍存在很大漏洞,给滥用权力提供了条件。这些问题形成的原因在于:行政权力的行使受制于市场经济体制完善和政府职能转变的进程;行政权力的行使直接依赖于行政管理体制改革的进程;对行政机关,特别是对领导干部考核机制和监督制度不健全、不完善,导致行政机关、领导干部依法行政积极性不足;部分行政管理法律制度设计不合理,难以切合我国现实国情,导致实践中难以做到依法行政。     

论破产法上债务人高管人员民事责任的追究

The Enterprise Bankruptcy Law has designed the regime for debtor’s senior managers to bear civil liabilities, while the framework design concerning the prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities is still unclear. How to establish a prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities of debtor’s senior managers in line with the purposes of the bankruptcy regime is a substantial issue during the implementation of Enterprise Bankruptcy Law. The realization of the civil liabilities regime of debtor’s senior managers depends on the establishment and operation of a relatively well-developed prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities. The focus of the prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities is to determine the subject of prosecution of civil liabilities, the way to realize civil liabilities, and the special hearing proceedings and authorities of the court. Taking steps to clarify and improve the prosecution mechanism of civil liabilities focusing on the subjects of prosecution (debtor’s senior managers) and authorities of the court, is the essence and systematic safeguard of realizing the civil liabilities regime of debtor’s senior managers in the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law. Gan Peizhong, Ph.D, is a professor of law and director of the Research Center for Enterprise and Company Law at Peking University. Prof. Gan is a recognized expert on economic law, company law, bankruptcy law and the reform of state-owned enterprises in China. He has released numerous articles on Chinese law journals and published many books. His major publications include Encyclopedia of Chinese Economic Law (vice editor-in-chief), New Studies on Economic Law (co-editor), New Studies on Enterprise Law (author), Studies on Chinese Economic Adjudication (editor-in-chief), Studies on Foreign Economic Law in Beijing (editor-in-chief), General Theories on Economic Law (co-editor), Legitimate Exercise of the Corporate Control Rights (author). Moreover, he was named the “leading young and middle-aged jurist” by Beijing Law Society in 1999. In addition, Prof. Gan is the deputy-president of the Securities Law Association, a member of the Standing Committee of the Economic Law Association under China Law Society. He also serves as the consultant of the Legislative Affairs Commission of the NPC Standing Committee and Beijing Municipal People’s Congress, as well as the Haidian District Court of Beijing.     

摸底排队侦查措施的发展和完善

随着犯罪形势的变化,传统的摸底排队侦查措施表现出一定的局限性。现代的摸底排队侦查措施应当从“点”的时空定位排查法扩展到“面”的时空定位排查法;从有形痕迹物证摸排法扩展到无形电子痕迹摸排法;从关注事前的因果关系摸排法扩展到关注事后的赃物控制摸排法;从社会面的普遍摸排法发展到高危群体的重点摸排法;从依靠群众摸排法发展到依靠技术设施的摸排法;从手工摸排法发展到计算机网上摸排法。摸底排队的方法将越来越先进,摸底排队的依据将越来越丰富,摸底排队的效率将越来越高,摸底排队的过程将越来越隐蔽。