欧美宪法社会学比较透视

宪法社会学是关于宪法的社会学研究,是宪法学与社会学交叉融合的产物,旨在发现人类政治生活中的真实规则。在欧洲和北美,宪法社会学已经形成了多元化的学术传统。其中,德国的宪法社会学侧重于从政治与历史的角度切入,偏好史论结合,思辨色彩浓厚。法国的宪法社会学具有客观的、旁观者的叙事风格。英国的宪法社会学打上了判例法或不成文宪法的痕迹,致力于素描一部活生生的宪法,仿佛人类学家的调查报告。美国虽然承袭了英国的判例法制度,但美国的宪法社会学透出强烈的现实主义意味,宪法背后的经济关系、利益格局得到了凸显。梳理欧美宪法社会学的学术传统,比较欧美各国宪法社会学的不同旨趣,有助于为当代中国宪法社会学的稳步发展提供理论与方法论上的启示。     

The communicative constitution of representation and exclusion

In the light of current debate on representation, specifically engaging with literature showing how representation is communicatively constituted, this paper empirically shows how exclusion also can be seen as communicatively constituted. The interpretive approach toward communication employed in this study presents new insights on how, for citizens, government communicates its responsiveness, and how citizens' interpretations that arise from these communications make sense. Dutch citizens who evaluate government responsiveness as low were interviewed to explore their views. The respondents evaluate government responsiveness on the basis of a set of engagements with government. These engagements are conceptualized in terms of four types of encounter – forms in which government manifests itself to citizens. By ‘thinking with’ these encounters, citizens relegate institutions and processes of representative democracy to the margins of political reality. Situating citizens outside of democratic politics, these interpretations imply the experience of exclusion, despite apparently functioning democratic institutions and processes.     

Organising Global Stratification: How International Organisations (Re)Produce Inequalities in International Society

ABSTRACT

The article makes the case for scrutinising international organisations (IOs) as key sites and agents of inequality reproduction and transformation in international society. Drawing on sociological inequality research and institutionalist approaches to International Relations, we argue that IOs reproduce and transform broader stratification patterns in their global social environment through intertwined processes of categorisation and distribution. We propose to capture these twin processes from three observation points, which highlight different material and symbolic practices operating within IOs and at the interface between IOs and their environment.     

Learning in Peacebuilding – Mission Impossible?

ABSTRACT

A common recommendation in the peacebuilding literature is that missions must learn from experiences on the local ground. Yet, if often remains unclear who has the authority to propose and diffuse new or critical knowledge. The article argues that peacebuilding can be understood as a socio-professional field in which education and professional careers condition the legitimacy to author new or critical insights. Hence, peacebuilding privileges knowledge that has been produced and is diffused in OECD-country research and academic institutions and the business world, most notably in strategic management consulting. Inversely, local knowledge is disparaged and, hence, unlikely to be promoted.     

法律异化研究

法律异化是指法律这种人类创造出来的本用于服务人类的社会规范,因为一些原因反而成了走向人类对立面的一种异己力量的法律变化。其表现为依＂法＂迫害、合法伤害、非法侵害、人们对法律的异己感和积极寻求法律的替代品等多种形式。法律异化的人为因素是人的异化,客观因素是法律本身的悬空与不切实际、法律规范限制性的僵化、司法的＂证据中心主义＂和法律运行的程序主义等。克服法律异化的路径有以人为本,确保良法的产生;加强民主法制建设,防范主体的自我异化;运用宏观、全面的社会治理手段防范法律的异化等。     

Weapon Lethality and Social Distance: A National Test of a Social Structural Theory

Three paradigms can be used to explain weapon lethality: rational choice and deterrence theory; social learning and cultural theory; and opportunity and prevalence theory. Each makes distinct predictions regarding the economic, psychological, and environmental factors that affect the use of weapons. Despite their merits, the sum of knowledge about violence and weapons may be increased by exploring the influence of variables derived from another paradigm: pure sociology. Black’s theory of retaliation and Cooney’s principle of predation provide the underpinning for a social structural‐based theoretical principle of weapon lethality. Building on those ideas, we propose that the lethality of weapons involved in interpersonal violence increases as the offenders and victims become less intimate and less alike culturally. Using National Crime Victimization Survey data, we test two hypotheses derived from this principle and primarily find support of the proposed social structural principle.     

证券集团诉讼在中国的制度价值——法经济学与法社会学的悖论

美国证券集团诉讼制度对保护中小投资者、维护证券市场的公平、公开、合法运作起到了积极作用。关于将该制度移植、改良,用以维护中国证券市场的健康有序发展的问题,学界已讨论多年。从法经济学和法社会学角度分别探讨证券集团诉讼制度引入中国的积极因素和消极条件,确认其独特、高效、经济的制度价值,明确将证券集团诉讼引入中国的必要性、迫切性和改良手段,具有重要研究意义。     

中国的经济社会学研究综述

中国的经济社会学研究的是中国的经济行为以及与社会之间的关系。文章在立足中国实际情况的基础上,介绍了中国经济社会学研究的两种理论角度、分析并评述了中国经济社会学的研究现状,并根据中国经济社会学研究的情况与社会的现实需要,指出中国经济社会学需要加强重视的几个研究方面。     

Breaking up a partnership to build a competitive market in Denmark’s ambulance service: how can studies of contract reversals learn from the sociology of markets?

ABSTRACT

paper analyses a case of contract reversal in the market for ambulance services. The paper suggests that the sociology of markets-literature provides insights into market institutions of importance to relations between government and contractors that will benefit contracting out theory. Building on document analysis and interviews with 19 key stakeholders, it is demonstrated how a regional government in Denmark tried to wrestle the service provision from a long-time private provider and create a competitive market, only to discover that the implementation of the new contract was beset by obstacles largely stemming from informal norms in the market and attempts of the existing provider to hamper market entry for challenger firms. The result was a contract reversal: from private provision to government-provided service delivery. The paper contributes to the contracting out literature by providing a more elaborate understanding of the institutional conditions under which contract reversals can take place.     

"社会契约"到"社会连带"——思想史中的卢梭和狄骥

颂扬个人权利和自由的社会连带主义法学的创始人--狄骥却鼓吹墨索里尼治下的"工团主义"。这只是一个简单的历史事实,但在这一事实的背后却隐藏着西方思想史的变迁,展示着西方现代性的危机。本文试图通过对他们思想关系的展开对这一变迁过程作出透视,在透视的过程中去理解西方现代性的危机。