Lacan, Science, and Law: Is the Ethnography of Scientism Psychoanalytic?

By adopting an idealized conception of the scientific enterprise, mirroring scientists' own self-conception, courts minimize the social and rhetorical aspects of science as ornamental, contingent, and eliminable. Lacan's reflections on science, and on the question of whether (or in what sense) psychoanalysis is scientific, parallel and enrich the efforts in science studies to show that the social and rhetorical aspects of science are co-productive, constitutive, and inevitable. Specifically, Lacan's identification of science as a discourse in denial of its subjectivity leads to a psychoanalytic re-orientation of ethnomethodology - an anthropological approach now favored in science studies. In the context of litigation involving scientific expertise, attorneys already assume, in their depositions and cross-examination, the role of ethnographers on foreign ground, but to the extent that the discourse of science replaces or dominates the discourse of law, legal ethnographers should also assume the role of analysts exploring the unconscious of science. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

“法定知识”变革中的行动者视野——课程社会学的一种研究路向

对"法定知识"通常的解释框架是"阶级"和"意识形态",即课程所具备的阶级属性和内隐的意识形态特征,并以此来对应教育的不平等,以及知识和国家权力联姻后的控制特征.但在课程寻求改革的过程中,改革行动者的言说、意识、意志与实践更加凸显.研究者认为社会因素只有融注在有血有肉的行动者后,对课程知识的作用才更为真实、更具整合性与穿透力.     

我国民事诉讼调解制度的历史发展及其社会基础

诉讼调解的理念和制度与中国传统的政治、经济和法文化具有密切的关联性,在某种意义上说是一种地方性资源,但需要通过吸纳现代法治精神加以整合。     

社会性法哲学思想的三种表现形式

卡尔.马克思、马克斯.韦伯和艾米尔.迪尔克姆是公认的对法学最有影响的三位社会学家。他们的法哲学思想的共同特点可以用社会性来概括。这个社会性在卡尔.马克思那里表现为法的阶级性,在马克斯.韦伯那里表现为法的理性,在艾米尔.迪尔克姆表现为法的合同契约。卡尔.马克思从人类历史发展的规律方面揭示了法的阶级性共性。马克斯.韦伯从人类社会的制度完善和权力的制约方面揭示了法的理性共性。艾米尔.迪尔克姆从人类社会的发展模式方面揭示了法的合同契约共性。他们的法哲学思想反映了人类关于法的一般观念。可以通过他们的法哲学思想认识法的本质特点。     

法社会学视野下的乡村法治困境解读

乡村法治化运动在乡村社会遭遇的窘态与困惑是发起者始料未及的,国家法治被乡村社会有意无意的歪曲,“下乡的法律”不断被乡土社会知识传统解读,法治与乡村社会之间的冲突愈显突出。本文放弃简单地对法治与乡村社会二者中的任何一方进行批判的进路,试图通过借鉴和采用法社会学的一些观点和方法,强调回到中国的特定语境,回到乡村的生活场域和具体经验中,探讨当前造成乡村法治化困境的政治、经济、文化等因素,分析实现乡村社会法治化之可能和必要,进而提出实现乡村法治化的可行路径。     

The annulled Tax state: Schumpeterian Prolegomena to the study of postcommunist fiscal sociology

How was a new infrastructure of revenue-collection instituted after the collapse of Soviet-type regimes in Eastern Europe? This article suggests that currently available answers to this question are unsatisfactory. Building upon insights derived from the literature on fiscal sociology and from Joseph Schumpeter’s analysis of modern “tax states,” it outlines a new approach to the study of various phenomena related to revenue-collection in postcommunism. More specifically, I examine a set of empirical and theoretical issues related to the reemergence of a taxpayer as having a cultural role, the reconfiguration of the bureaucratic apparatuses bequeathed by the old regime, and the recreation of trustworthy national currencies. Having identified important gaps in our understanding of the transformative processes that engulfed the region after 1989, the paper introduces a more comprehensive research program focused on the context-specific challenges inherent in the attempt to re-establish tax states in the formerly communist countries.     

家产制与中国家庭法律的社会适应——一种“实践的法律社会学”分析

家产制作为一种习惯法,与中国的家庭法律及其社会适应性存在着密切关联。对家产制和家庭法律的研究应该采取"实践的法律社会学"态度,通过经验研究来充分展示转型社会对家庭本身的内在需求,从而在法律制度上对这种社会需求给于正确的回应。考察分家模式的历史变迁,可以发现家产制是处理中国家庭财产分配的根本制度选择。在产权结构上,家产制具有客体上的公有性、主体上的多元性以及主体作用于客体的身份性等三大特征,从而区别于西方所有权制度。这种特殊的家产制度是中国转型社会的内在需求,因为中国农村的城市化是一个长期的过程,而在这个过程中家产制有利于维护家庭的稳定从而有助于城市化的顺利进行;另外一方面,家产制有利于补充国家养老能力的不足从而确保城市家庭的稳定和再生产,提升国家的整体竞争力。然而家庭法律却日益朝着"去家产制"和"私权化"的方向发展,从而丧失社会适应性,不利于家庭和社会的稳定。因此,中国的家庭立法应该回归新的家产制,并以其为中心确立起"发展型家庭法律"体系。     

Political Bases for the Dissolution of a Public Corporation: A Nigérian Case

All social theory emphasises that institutions universally play a crucial role in organising the ways in which people live together. At the same time the concept is vaguely defined and used in different ways. Inspired by the pragmatic sociology of critique, we emphasise how institutions enable people and things to hold together and provide important references for action in settings with limited predictability for everyday life. We first analyse how the concept of institutions has been used in scholarship on land tenure in Sudan. We then suggest, using a case study, that increased attention to the different ways in which actors validate or challenge institutions helps to examine the precariousness of institutional orders in the Sudans. This can move Sudan Studies beyond some of the limitations of previous scholarship, such as a tendency towards interpretations that reiterate institutions as timeless, discrete and immutable units such as “traditional” or “modern”.     

“后税费时代”农村公共物品难题的法经济学和法社会学分析——以大型农用水利设施为个案

税费改革和产权改革后的农村公共物品在运营上陷入困局，其根源在于改革在方向与规范、技术之间的脱节。这种脱节既反映在公共物品本身的运营系统内，还体现在更为复杂和深刻的制度背景之中。以“大制度理论”为背景，基于法经济学和法社会学的视角，大型农州水利设施的运营难题集中反映了当前家庭联产承包责任制的弊端和局限，凸显了当前农村自治在乡村组织动员能力建设和公共事务决策权分配这两个重大环节上的疏漏．并显示出当代农村改革在制度变迁上存在的缺陷和弊端。解决大型农用水利设施难题的具体方案应当遵循序列化、层次化的原则，有步骤、有重点地逐步推进。首先应建立中央和省级政府对大型农村水利设施的外贴制度，通过各级转移支付集中解决大型农用水利设施的历史负债，消化其巨大的沉淀成本，并在全体村民享有最终决策权的基础上，完善水利设施的产权改革，以及完善水费征收制度。其次应加强乡村直接民主制度、土地经营制度、乡村金融制度等宏观制度的建设和完善，并推动农村改革在制度变迁上走向科学与合理。