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971.
Chris Baerveldt 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1992,8(1):79-94
Earlier research on the relation between school features and petty crime suggests that schools can intentionally influence the crime rate of the pupils. These findings were the starting point for a Dutch study at secondary schools of the same type in Dutch towns. The study focused on effects on the delinquency of third-year low-stream pupils (aged 15–17). For the study a control theory was formulated, a conditional control theory, which, in contrast to Hirschi's social control theory, recognizes possible delinquent influences of the pupils' network. In the study a strong statistical relation between integration of pupils in school and petty crime was found. However, I found almost no influence of the studied school features on integration and petty crime. These results led to the question whether the real important feature of schools had been neglected in the study. This seems not to be the case. A multilevel analysis shows that it is unlikely that there is major impact of schools on the integration of pupils, on delinquency, or on the relationship between integration and delinquency. This can be the result of special aspects of the Dutch school system and of the neglect of theory in earlier research. 相似文献
972.
Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement: The basic task of each social actor and fundamental problem for the social sciences 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Melvin J. Lerner 《Social Justice Research》1987,1(1):107-125
A preliminary statement of a theoretical framework integrating psychological and societal determinants of justice in human affairs is presented. It is proposed that the social structure provides the rules of entitlement and decision making that regulate the course of routine social interaction. These societally based norms are representable in people's conscious thought processes. By contrast, the psychologically generated rules of entitlement, typically contradict conventionally accepted rules of thought and discourse and thus remain unconscious. The major part of the discussion considers the motivationally important circumstances that engage the unconscious psychologically compelling determinants and how their appearance in behavior is both shaped and legitimized by the situationally prevailing normative context. The final section considers some of the more important methodological, theoretical, and social policy implications of this social psychological theory of entitlements. 相似文献
973.
Spleen and portal lymphnode sections from 86 drug addicts submitted for medico-legal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen in the year 1979 were studied together with tissue sections from 24 "normal" persons. In 70% of the drug addicts the spleen weight was more than 200 g, and in 71% portal lymphnode hyperplasia was found. Birefringent foreign material was found in spleen tissue of drug addicts in 72% and in portal lymphnode tissue in 44%. Signs of antigen stimulation in both spleen and portal lymphnode tissue evaluated by the number of germinal centre and plasma cells were found in more than 80% of the drug addicts compared with about 20% of the "normal" persons. The results were related to anamnestic information of duration of drug abuse, to the spleen weight, to the occurrence of birefringent material and to the liver changes. Examination of lysozyme and immunoglobulin containing cells using the indirect preoxidase technique was performed in a total of 72 cases of spleen tissue, 59 cases of portal lymphnode tissue from drug addicts, 24 cases of spleen tissue and 18 of portal lymphnode tissue from "normal" persons. Lysozyme, IgM and IgG containing cells were found significantly more often among drug addicts than "normal" persons. The results indicate that the splenomegalia and the portal lymphnode hyperplasia often found in drug addicts are caused by continuous antigen stimulation due to repeated injections of various antigens. 相似文献
974.
新冠肺炎疫情作为当今世界面临的最严峻的全球性问题,其应对最有效的路径仍是全球治理。危机之下人类社会的存续需要超越私利实现国家间共生。相对于西方传统的全球治理理念,中国方案基于对疫情下全球化时代的共生性判读,明确了推动构建命运共同体的共生型全球治理目标,推动全球治理转型从消极共生向积极共生实现结构优化。然而,依靠共生自身升级的滞缓性与现实需求的迫切性之间存在矛盾,"共生"在资源分配、认同建构以及合作实现等方面并不具备必然性,无法为现实问题的解决提供普遍化的标杆与规范,需要借助"共享"的理念工具进行有效助推。具体来说,就是以共生关系的主体性、共生纽带以及共生底线为出发,从资源配置的优化、主体认同的强化以及和谐包容的价值引领三方面着手,将共享理念融入到人类命运共同体的建构中,并通过中国对全球治理转型的过程参与,有效实现共享从理念引领到现实助推的功能转换,为新型的共生型全球治理模式的良性运作提供助力。 相似文献
975.
为研究犬细小病毒(CPV)流行株遗传变异情况,本研究从吉林省某比格犬养殖场采集疑似CPV感染致死犬的肠道组织,将病料接种至F81细胞进行病毒分离,并通过电镜形态学、PCR、血凝试验及动物回归试验进行鉴定。结果显示,所分离的这株病毒在F81细胞中产生了典型CPV细胞病变(CPE);在电镜下可见病毒呈无囊膜、直径为20 nm左右的病毒粒子;PCR鉴定证实CPV核酸呈阳性;血凝试验表明此病毒对猪红细胞具有凝集作用,血凝效价为1∶256;将这株病毒命名为JL-(18)1/Beagle。动物回归试验表明,JL-(18)1/Beagle使比格犬产生犬细小病毒感染的典型临床症状;以NS1基因进行遗传进化分析显示,JL-(18)1/Beagle与CPV-2c型分离株CPV-SH1516以及Canine/China/23/2017 NS1基因亲缘关系较近,而核苷酸相似率为100%;以VP2基因进行遗传进化分析显示,JL-(18)1/Beagle与New CPV-2b型CPV/CN/JL3/2013、CPV/CN/HB1/2013和CPV/CN/JL6/2013亲缘关系较近,核苷酸相似率为99.89%~99.94%;以VP2蛋白氨基酸进行序列分析表明,JL-(18)1/Beagle属于New CPV-2b型,与近期吉林CPV分离株相比,关键氨基酸位点无明显变化。因此,本试验从吉林省比格犬肠组织中分离到1株New CPV-2b型CPV毒株。 相似文献
976.
977.
Bruno Bises 《European Journal of Law and Economics》1997,4(4):311-326
This paper is concerned with the economic analysis of the European rules on the circulation of works of art. After reviewing the relevant literature, an economic framework of the international circulation of works of art is provided (social goals, efficiency and distributive aspects, an economic rationale for a general free trade rule integrated by selective protectionism). Using this framework the European system of circulation of works of art—resulting from the combination of the Maastricht Treaty with Regulation 3911/92 and Directive 93/7—is analysed. The main results of the analysis are: 1) the general free trade principle ruling the Single European Market is strongly limited by rules protecting national artistic heritages of member states; 2) this protectionism—working towards countries both outside and inside the European Union—is applied according to the national laws of each member state, while, contrary to what the Maastricht Treaty would call for, an artistic heritage of European significance is not defined and no autonomous role is recognized in this field to European Institutions; 3) this system shows some inconsistencies with economic theory, as strict limits to trade are not provided when they should be required by the preservation of the physical or artistic integrity of works of art, while in other cases an unduly restrained trade may derive from highly protectionist national laws and export-licencing policies of member states. Enforcement provisions are also analysed and some proposals to improve the system are advanced. 相似文献
978.
Making a first sketch of philosophical issues arising fromEuropean Community law I want to present a series ofmore or less obvious, and more or less interrelated dilemmas,or even double binds.(i) Deepening the community becomes incompatible withwidening membership. (ii) National states seem bothnecessary for and obstructive in articulating transnationalproblems. (iii) The more democracy is needed as a warrantfor the public exercise of political power in Europe, themore the very concept of democracy on a European scaleevades understanding. (iv) European unity presupposes aunifying rule of law, while member states have radicallydifferent conceptions of this principle. (v) Even the verycore of European integration, the common market, is subjectto two conflicting and, indeed, incompatible doctrines ofcompetition. In explaining the nature of each dilemma I willtry to take my cue from the Maastricht Treaty wherever thisseems suitable. Then I will elaborate on the jurisprudentialproblems involved in it. Finally, each section will be closedby an attempt to state the nature of these problems inphilosophical terms. 相似文献
979.
从古到今世界各国都有两种经济观和两种经济方略:一是主张国家干预经济,是为国家主义;二是主张国家不干预经济,是为自由主义。两种经济方略各有千秋,适用于不同条件。千百年来一直存在国家主义与自由主义的争论。18至19世纪的200年间,自由主义占上风。19世纪末,德国开国家主义之先河。20世纪20至60年代,国家主义盛行了50年;从70年代开始,自由主义东山再起,号称新自由主义。进入21世纪,新自由主义连遭挫折,国家主义有所抬头。两种经济观趋同,百年争论暂告一段落。 相似文献
980.
经济人的新解释与经济学的新发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
经济人假设是传统经济学理论大厦的基石。现代经济学前沿分支学科对经典经济人有三个不同方向的新解释 :一是对经典经济人的修修补补 ,使经济人更加贴近现实 ;二是坚持经典经济人 ,并进一步发展经济人的理性 ;三是抛弃经典经济人 ,研究理性和非理性行为结合的现实人。在对经济人新的不同解释的基础上 ,经济学与相关学科进一步融合 ,在学科交叉的边缘产生一系列新的经济学分支学科。 相似文献