警察战术学的几个基本理论问题

警察战术是警察正确运用国家强制力进行对抗性执法活动的原则、方法和指挥艺术。警察战术以对抗性执法活动中对强制力的综合运用作为研究对象,并用以指导对抗性执法实践。警察战术研究的总任务是揭示警察对抗性执法规律,用以指导对抗性执法实践,形成指导人民警察在不同情况和条件下正确运用国家强制力进行对抗性执法活动的系统理论,提高人民警察的执法素质,从而达到最有效地打击犯罪活动、减少代价付出、获取最佳执法效益的目的。     

城市生活垃圾分类中的居民动力与人群差异--基于广州市的调查研究

生活垃圾分类已经成为我国城市的热点问题,虽然全国各地推广了多种多样的政策,然而实施效果参差不齐。居民行为的动机与效果是促成垃圾分类长效机制的关键,需要以认知心理学中的动机理论为基础,从个体行动者视角出发,探讨城市社区居民参与生活垃圾分类的动力来源。通过构建动力分析框架,提炼社区居民垃圾分类行为的关键动力以及人群间的动力差异。在此基础上,分析社区不同类型居民的行为动力,通过加强外部刺激并促进外部诱因向行为驱力转化,提高居民参与垃圾分类的动力,解决居民参与生活垃圾分类的现实难题,从根本上推动城市生活垃圾分类政策的实施效果。     

“美人之美”：多民族文化的战略选择

论文认为,中华民族文化是具有多层次多侧面丰富多彩的文化,汉族以外的各少数民族文化,与汉族文化形成互补、互渗、互相支持的内在机制,理应纳入我国文化输出和发生影响的战略思考中。由此论文提出“美人之美”是多民族文化的战略选择。具体到作为文化一部分的民族文学及民族文学理论领域则分别为：其一,民族文学理论中诸如朴素务实的文学艺术观、人与宇宙中万事万物等量齐观的思想蕴含着少数民族人生观和世界观,是我国文化思想的重要资源。其二,民族文学文本兼具民间口头文学和文人创作双重特性,并含有原始诗性智慧,对当代艺术想象和思想建设具有启示和借鉴意义。其三,民族文学的文化认同具有本民族认同和国家认同的双重性以及认同历史进步的民主性。是我国爱国主义思想非常有特色的组成部分。论文最后提出,“美人之美”不仅是认识和阐释,同时还是一种博大胸襟和深切关怀,对他民族文化的热爱、赞美和关切。质言之,“美人之美”存在于信仰中,是一种需要建构的姿态。     

中国特色社会主义理论体系的系统特征

从系统的角度来看,中国特色社会主义理论体系构成了一个系统,其系统特征主要体现在整体性、开放性、动态性、层次性、目的性。准确认识和把握这些系统特征,对于科学理解中国特色社会主义理论体系具有重要的价值。     

Who gets what and why? Committee assignments in the German Bundestag

Although committee assignments have been researched in various parliaments, findings are inconclusive. This article contributes to the debate by analysing the allocations to specialised committees in the Bundestag, a legislature that establishes strong committees despite having strong parliamentary party groups. Studying assignments in this legislature can, therefore, help us to solve the present disjunction between ‘European’ and ‘American’ experiences regarding committee research. The study uses the congressional theories of legislative organisation as heuristic devices but explicitly highlights the strong involvement of parliamentary party groups. The hypotheses are tested with a multiple membership multilevel model across several legislative periods (1990?2013) and backed up with evidence from 51 interviews with German legislators. The results show that next to constituency demands and the influence of regional factions, there is strong evidence for a reassignment pattern and that a legislator’s occupational background and connections to interest groups matter in the assignment process.     

Model United Nations and Deep Learning: Theoretical and Professional Learning

This article demonstrates that the purposeful subject design, incorporating a Model United Nations (MUN), facilitated deep learning and professional skills attainment in the field of International Relations. Deep learning was promoted in subject design by linking learning objectives to Anderson and Krathwohl’s (2001 Anderson, Lorin W., and David R. Krathwohl (eds.). 2001. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman. [Google Scholar]) four levels of knowledge or cognition: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive. Students demonstrated improvement in all four areas; however, this article focuses on outcomes in the conceptual and metacognitive realms as these were where students showed the most growth. In the conceptual realm, the subject aimed to increase students’ capacity to apply international relations theories. Students tended to utilize the traditional theories of realism and liberalism; however, their explanations and applications of these theories showed deep learning. In the metacognitive realm, students were able to analyze their own negotiation styles and to explain how it influenced their approach to the Model UN, thus demonstrating strong professional skills development and metacognitive growth. Learning was enhanced by the use of open access online subject materials and online communications. The subject was designed and run in a context where simulations in teaching politics and international relations are not common.     

Social Ties,Collective Efficacy,and Crime-Specific Fear in Seattle Neighborhoods

While research suggests that individuals’ interactions with their communities—such as their social integration into the community and perceptions of collective efficacy—impact their perceived risk of victimization, only a handful of studies have examined the influence of these characteristics on crime-specific, emotional fear. Using the Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey, we conduct multilevel models to examine whether social ties and collective efficacy are associated with perceived risk and emotional fear of violence and burglary. The results show that individuals’ social ties to the community are negatively associated with perceived risk, but not emotional fear of violence or burglary, while perceived collective efficacy is negatively related to both cognitive and emotional fear. Moreover, the results suggest that individuals’ social integration into the community functions through perceptions of collective efficacy to predict perceived risk; however, this process does not extend to emotional fear of either violence or burglary.     

Restoring Choice: The Relationship Between Offense Seriousness,Intervening Time,and Victims’ Responses to the Offer of Restorative Interventions

This study investigates victims’ responses to the offer of involvement in a restorative intervention. It tests the hypotheses that victims’ choices are related to the seriousness of the offense (H1), and that this relationship is moderated by how long after the offense the restorative intervention is offered (H2). A cross-sectional, between-subjects design was used, drawing on data from 256 offenses collected for operational purposes by a restorative justice service. Victims of medium-seriousness offenses were most likely to choose indirect and direct reparation. Intervening time moderated the relationship between seriousness and victim choice: victims of low-seriousness offenses became more likely to choose community reparation with time, victims of medium-seriousness offenses became less likely to choose direct or indirect reparation, and there was no change with time for victims of the most serious offenses. These results suggest nonlinear relationships between seriousness, intervening time, and victim choice. Although more complex and in different directions than anticipated, they lend some support to both hypotheses. The study highlights qualitative differences between types of restorative interventions, points to a significant disparity between victims’ choices and processes the literature suggests are of most benefit, and raises questions regarding when and how restorative interventions should be offered.     

现代培训理论与方法浅析

现代培训理论和方法是应时代发展需要而产生的。它要求通过培训需求分析来确定培训目标,必须围绕解决绩效问题进行精细的培训教学设计,发展经验学习理论,选择恰当的培训形式和教学方法,借助现代化的教学辅助手段,努力提升培训质量。     

Effects of Parental Substance Abuse on Current Levels of Domestic Violence: A Possible Elaboration of Intergenerational Transmission Processes

Research conducted on the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence has framed much of its inquiry from within the context of social learning theory. Although consistently significant, the effect size of social learning-derived intergenerational transmission variables is often small. This study was undertaken in an effort to broaden the theoretical basis of intergenerational transmission of family violence by assessing if incorporating parental substance abuse variables with exposure to violence in family of origin would increase the predictive power of a multiple regression model. Subjects (N = 74) were men in treatment for domestic violence. Paternal substance abuse was found to exert effects on respondents' violent behavior comparable to those from exposure to family of origin violence. Findings supported a need to broaden theoretical views of the etiology of domestic violence perpetration.