Identification of Eight Synthetic Cannabinoids,Including 5F‐AKB48 in Seized Herbal Products Using DART‐TOF‐MS and LC‐QTOF‐MS as Nontargeted Screening Methods

Synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant material and smoked for their marijuana‐like effects. Clandestine manufacturers modify synthetic cannabinoid structures by creating closely related analogs. Forensic laboratories are tasked with detection of these analog compounds, but targeted analytical methods are often thwarted by the structural modifications. Here, direct analysis in real time coupled to accurate mass time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DART‐TOF‐MS) in combination with liquid chromatography quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS) are presented as a screening and nontargeted confirmation method, respectively. Methanol extracts of herbal material were run using both methods. Spectral data from four different herbal products were evaluated by comparing fragmentation pattern, accurate mass and retention time to available reference standards. JWH‐018, JWH‐019, AM2201, JWH‐122, 5F‐AKB48, AKB48‐N‐(4‐pentenyl) analog, UR144, and XLR11 were identified in the products. Results demonstrate that DART‐TOF‐MS affords a useful approach for rapid screening of herbal products for the presence and identification of synthetic cannabinoids.     

汉魏晋的礼仪立法与礼仪故事

在古代礼仪法的沿革发展史上 ,汉魏晋时代具有特殊而重要的地位。此间 ,礼仪立法繁荣 ,故事广泛运用。从形式上看 ,封建制的礼仪法在这一时期从草创发展到规模粗具 ,规范从零散、分散发展到系统化于一部专门的法典 ;就内容而言 ,从古礼到新礼的转化也在这一时期开始并基本完成。这为后世礼仪法制的成熟与完善奠定了坚实的基础     

零工经济从业者工作时间配置与生活质量：抑制还是促进？

工作时间配置有数量和结构两层含义,具体表现为工作绝对时长、工作相对时长以及各种工作时间占比。研究基于时间配置视角,将个人生活质量分为工作生活质量、闲暇生活质量、家庭生活质量以及生理生活质量 4 个维度,以外卖骑手为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集数据,并采用结构方程模型分析工作时间配置对零工经济从业者生活质量的影响。实证结果表明：零工经济从业者工作绝对时长变化会产生收入效应、倦怠效应和替代效应,与工作生活质量呈 M 型非线性关系,与闲暇生活质量、家庭生活质量和生理生活质量均呈倒 U 型关系;工作相对时长则会通过抑制工作恢复降低工作、闲暇以及生理生活质量;对于外卖骑手而言,对骑手工作依赖度越高,其生活质量越低。研究建议,应健全和完善制度体系,培养劳动者多维技能,让劳动者科学管理工作时间,以提升零工经济从业者的生活质量。     

穴位贴敷时间和接触性皮炎对哮喘防治效果的影响

目的 观察贴敷时间和接触性皮炎对哮喘防治效果的影响。方法 将91例穴位贴敷治疗的缓解期哮喘患者,依照4 h、8 h穴位贴敷后是否诱发接触性皮炎,分为A组（4 h有接触性皮炎）24例、B组（4 h无接触性皮炎）25例、C组（8 h有接触性皮炎）22例、D组（8 h无接触性皮炎）20例,观察各组患者治疗前后哮喘发作次数改变、哮喘控制测试（asthma control test,ACT）评分和成人哮喘生活质量问卷（asthma quality of life questionnaire,AQLQ）评分的差异性。结果 与同组治疗前比较,治疗后A、C、D组哮喘发作次数均显著减少,ACT评分、AQLQ评分均显著提高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;其中A组治疗前后哮喘发作次数差值、ACT评分差值、AQLQ评分差值较B组差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 穴位贴敷时间和接触性皮炎均影响哮喘的防治效果,穴位贴敷4 h出现接触性皮炎者疗效相对较好。     

女性“第二轮班”现象真的存在吗 —— 基于女性教育、职业和收入特征的实证研究

本研究借助国家统计局和妇女联合会的调查数据,对比了中国不同性别城镇劳动者在有酬劳动 时间和家务劳动时间分配上的差异特征,并利用面板数据模型验证了影响女性群体时间选择偏好的主要因素。 结果表明,在中国女性城镇劳动力者中,显著存在着“第二轮班”现象,即不仅参与有酬劳动,而且负担了很 大比重的无酬家务劳动。同时,教育、职业和收入等因素对不同性别劳动者时间分配有一定程度的影响。     

Comparative and Correlation Studies of Biochemical Substances in Vitreous Humor and Synovial Fluid

Vitreous humor (VH) and synovial fluid (SF) become optional postmortem samples for biochemistry investigation. However, few studies have explored SF as a potential source, and there is still controversy whether the biochemical concentrations in bilateral VH are the same. We explored the concentrations of biochemical substances in both VH and SF, and compared between both sides and between the fluids. We also correlated the biochemical concentrations in both fluids. All samples were centrifuged after collection and the supernatant fluids were used for the analysis. The results indicated no significant difference in the constituent concentrations between the fluids from both sides (p > 0.05). Sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium concentrations were significantly higher in the VH, but in vice versa for glucose, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations (p < 0.001). Sodium, potassium, glucose, lactate, urea, uric acid, and creatinine concentrations between both fluids showed significant correlation (p < 0.05), but not chloride and magnesium concentrations.     

Changes in Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra as Blood Dries Out

The time since deposition (TSD) of a bloodstain is a valuable piece of evidence for forensic scientists to determine the time at which a crime took place. The objective of this study was to determine whether attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy could be used to estimate the TSD of a bloodstain in a relatively early period (from 0 min to the time required for the bloodstain to dry out). For this purpose, we used ATR‐FTIR to study the variation in absorbance at certain wavelengths as rat and human blood sample dried out. The absorbance at 3308/cm (A3308) was found to have a close correlation with the TSD during this time period, and the changes in A3308 during the drying of rat and human blood drops under the same controlled conditions showed similar results. The current study indicates that ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy has potential as a tool for estimating TSD at early time periods of blood deposition.     

Only a Matter of Time? The Role of Criminal Competence in Avoiding Arrest

While prior research has shown that the probability of detection plays a role in the decision-making of many offenders, much less is known on offenders’ relative success in avoiding arrest. In this study, we draw from detailed criminal career data on 172 offenders involved in lucrative criminal activities to examine the role of criminal competence in the probability of being arrested in a given month. We examine a particular aspect of competence, criminal efficiency, which is defined as the ability to earn a relatively large amount of money for each crime committed. Our research design allows us to disentangle the effect of criminal efficiency as a static trait of offenders from the dynamic variations in efficiency that offenders experience over time. Results show that efficiency is a strong, negative predictor of arrest, both at the static and dynamic levels.     

Examining the Impact of Early Childhood School Investments on Neighborhood Crime

This study tested the hypothesis that investments in early childhood schools have short-term crime reducing effects in neighborhoods. Time series data from the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma, were analyzed to evaluate the effects of an early childhood school built in the neighborhood of Kendall-Whittier as part of a larger neighborhood revitalization plan, on violent and property crime. Results revealed that after controlling for city-wide crime trends and monthly fluctuations, violent crime declined significantly in Kendall-Whittier. Further analysis indicated that the possible crime-reducing effects of school investments on violent crime spread beyond Kendall-Whittier, and no displacement was found. The results for property crime were mixed. The study demonstrates the use of clustering analysis, a useful tool in neighborhood-level research to identify comparison neighborhoods. The findings shed light on the possibility that investments in early childhood schools can yield results in a shorter term than anticipated, making them a desirable component of urban revitalization.     

阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布研究

目的考察阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布。方法按最小致死量一次性灌胃250mg/kg阿维菌素,HPLC法检测家兔死后0h、24h、48h和72h中阿维菌素的含量。结果给家兔一次性灌胃250mg/kg阿维菌素的临床死亡时间为120.6±9.2min(±s,n=10);测定了阿维菌素的致死血浓度和致死组织浓度;家兔死后0h~72h心血和各主要脏器组织中阿维菌素含量存在体内再分布现象;确定肝、肾、肺为最佳组织检材。结论阿维菌素在急性中毒死家兔体内的再分布数据,对法医办理此类案件具有重要参考价值。