必要措施的嬗变:隐忧与应对

必要措施是"通知-删除"规则实现制度价值的关键环节,其在"通知-删除"规则的发展过程中发生了明显变化:措施种类从简单删除升级为综合性必要措施,同时通过司法审判逐步增加了对必要措施的及时性和合理性要求。这些变化使必要措施更加完善,但也由此带来措施种类恣意增加,网络服务提供者注意义务加重及自治空间不明确等隐忧。面对这些问题,需要进一步厘清必要措施的价值定位,根据比例原则分层级制定必要措施的实施意见,同时为网络服务提供者预留自治空间,充分发挥其自治能力。     

Comparing Electronic News Media Reports of Potential Bioterrorism-Related Incidents Involving Unknown White Powder to Reports Received by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Federal Bureau of Investigation: U.S.A., 2009–2011

There have been periodic electronic news media reports of potential bioterrorism-related incidents involving unknown substances (often referred to as “white powder”) since the 2001 intentional dissemination of Bacillus anthracis through the U.S. Postal System. This study reviewed the number of unknown “white powder” incidents reported online by the electronic news media and compared them with unknown “white powder” incidents reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) during a 2-year period from June 1, 2009 and May 31, 2011. Results identified 297 electronic news media reports, 538 CDC reports, and 384 FBI reports of unknown “white powder.” This study showed different unknown “white powder” incidents captured by each of the three sources. However, the authors could not determine the public health implications of this discordance.     

瞿秋白与共产国际直接指导召开的中共六大

中共六大是由共产国际直接指导召开的,是中共党的历史上惟一一次在国外召开的代表大会。瞿秋白作为上届党中央的主要负责人和盲动主义错误的主要施行者,既是大会筹备和召开的主要组织者和主持人,又是大会的主要被批评对象。在中共六大上,瞿秋白因犯过盲动主义错误,失去了共产国际的支持,其领导职务被工人出身的向忠发接替。由同一个人来承担党代会批评甚至是批判的接受者以及唱主角的组织者,这在中共历次代表大会中是惟一的一次;而一个在党的代表大会上唱主角的党中央主要负责人又没有被大会当选为继任,这同样也是中共历次代表大会中的惟一一次。另外,六大诞生了中共党的历史上惟一一任工人出身的总书记。可以说,这么几个"惟一"都与共产国际的直接安排密切相关。     

高校系统“四风”现象的表征、成因及治理对策

当前,我国高等教育事业进入快速发展的战略机遇期,加强和改进作风建设,树立高等教育的良好形象显得尤为重要。通过这些年的努力,高校领导干部作风建设已取得一定成效,但仍存在着"四风"现象,即形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风。究其原因,主要有社会大环境的不利影响、监督不健全的重要影响、行为定性难的客观影响和心理成因复杂的主观影响。当前和今后加强和改进高校领导干部作风建设,就是要正确把握和贯彻"照镜子、正衣冠、洗洗澡、治治病"的总体要求,努力实现高校内部治理权制结构的平衡,为高校系统从源头上破除"四风"提供科学的"顶层设计"。同时还要做到"四个结合",即作风建设与师德师风建设、健全制度、强化监督和加大惩处力度相结合。     

宋格初探

宋初,编敕为最主要、最经常的立法形式,格的地位及作用明显衰微。神宗元丰以后,对格的编订又明显增加,其编纂体例等也有变化。这一变化的原因,是神宗对编敕、令、格、式的性质作重新界定,使格的性质发生显著变化:格完全行政法化,成为令的实施细则。格的性质的变化,其内在原因是编敕的刑法化。由于宋格成为令的实施细则,原为令的实施细则及公文程式的式则成为纯粹的公文程式。由于编敕、格性质及立法功能的变化,使得宋朝的立法模式也发生变化,即由宋初主要通过编敕进行立法的模式,变成对敕、令、格、式统一编订的立法模式。     

The Costs and Benefits of Transferring Technology Infrastructures Underlying Complex Standards: The Case of IPv6

Industry stakeholders and Internet experts generally agree that networks using Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), an Internet communications standard which is being promoted strongly by many parties, would be technically superior to today’s networks, which are largely based on IPv4. The improvements designed for IPv6 could provide numerous benefits to Internet users, network administrators, and applications developers; among these potential benefits are cost reductions due to improved security and increased efficiency, improvements to existing products and services, and innovations leading to new products and services. However, there is wide disagreement about the characteristics and timing of benefits associated with IPv6, and the costs associated with the transition could be substantial. In this paper, we will discuss the likely costs of a transition to IPv6 for the major stakeholders and the potential benefits. Subsequently, we will introduce the cost impact of an accelerated adoption case and discuss potential ways in which the government could become involved in the process. This paper is based on a broader study funded by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We wish to thank Greg Tassey, Fred Lee, Tim Sloan, B. Keith Fulton, John Streck, and Baran Erkel for comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper.     

论高职《财务会计》教学中的会计职业道德养成

《财务会计》课程是高职院校会计专业的一门必修核心课程，在高职会计专业教学中的具有突出地位和重要作用。根据《财务会计》课程的性质及特点，在教学课程中应融入对学生职业道德素质的培养。结合新会计准则的实施，提出实现会计职业道德养成的手段和方法，在向学生传授专业知识和技能的同时又培养学生良好的品德和高尚的情操。     

益化清解方对2型糖尿病大鼠炎性分子网络的影响

[HT5K]目的:观察益化清解方对2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠炎性分子网络调控的影响。方法:复制T2DM大鼠模型,治疗组用益化清解方中药灌胃,并与模型组、二甲双胍组及正常组作对照。分别在给药前和给药第15,30天检测T2DM大鼠的肿瘤坏死因子 α（TNF α）、白介素6(IL 6）、高敏C 反应蛋白（hsCRP）、脂联素(Adiponectin,Adp)、瘦素(leptin）水平,探讨其变化与空腹血糖（FBG）、血清胰岛素（FINS）及胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）的关系;并检测各组大鼠脂肪组织脂联素及骨骼肌组织脂联素受体R1 Mrna表达水平,探讨Adp、Adp受体与这些因素之间的关系。结果:益化清解方能显著降低T2DM大鼠血糖、血脂、C反应蛋白等水平,并提高胰岛素敏感性,改善糖尿病大鼠的脂肪组织Adp Mrna表达水平。结论:益化清解方对糖、脂双调节的作用可能是通过增加胰岛素敏感性而实现的,其与改善糖尿病大鼠的脂肪组织Adp Mrna表达相关.     

细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α)在损伤时间中原位杂交法研究

采用原位杂交法，研究大鼠切削皮肤中细胞团子IL－6、TNF－αmRNA表达量，旨在探讨IL－6、TNF－α推断法医损伤时间的应用价值以及其在损伤生活反应中的分子机制。研究结果表明，根据大鼠损伤皮肤中TNF－αmRNA表达量能够区别生前伤与死后伤，并可以利用TNF－αmRNA表达量改变准确区别60min内和60min后损伤时间，但IL－6mRNA表达量在研究组内均未见阳性反应，不能推断损伤时间。