氯胺酮致小鼠产生类精神分裂症与NRG1、ErbB4 mRNA表达的相关性

目的探讨氯胺酮连续给药致小鼠产生的类似精神分裂症症状,与精神分裂症易感基因神经调节蛋白1（neuregulin-1,NRG1）及其受体ErbB4 mRNA表达的相关性,为研究精神分裂症的可能发病机制提供参考依据。方法50只雄性昆明种小鼠,随机分为生理盐水组、氯胺酮小剂量（25 mg/kg）、中剂量（50 mg/kg）、大剂量（100 mg/kg）组和氯氮平治疗组,腹腔注射给药,1次/d,连续7 d。氯氮平组在连续腹腔注射7d氯胺酮（1次/d,每次100mg/kg）后,再用氯氮平灌胃7d（1次/d,每次20mg/kg）。HE染色观察海马神经元的变化;采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测海马中NRG1及ErbB4 mRNA的表达。结果注射7d氯胺酮后,大剂量组海马区NRG1及ErbB4 mRNA的表达显著减少。结论氯胺酮诱导小鼠产生类似精神分裂症的症状,可能与海马区NRG1及ErbB4 mRNA的表达减少相关联。     

Gesetzliches Vorzugspfandrecht der Eigentümergemeinschaft nach § 27 WEG 2002 – detaillierte Forderungsanmeldung für die Meistbotsverteilung im Exekutionsverfahren

Wenn Mindest-/Miteigentumsanteile eines s?umigen Wohnungseigentümers zwangsversteigert worden sind, müssen die entsprechenden gesetzlichen Vorzugspfandrechte nach § 27 WEG 2002 sp?testens in der Verteilungstagsatzung gem § 210 EO angemeldet werden, da diese von Amts wegen nicht zu berücksichtigen sind. Die Anmeldung hat alle anspruchsbegründenden Tatsachen, n?mlich Zeitpunkt der "rückst?ndigen", f?lligen Forderungen, H?he der angemeldeten Forderungen samt Rechtsgründen sowie Bestehen der gesetzlichen Vorzugspfandrechte und deren Deckung in den Meistboten, detailliert zu enthalten. Deshalb ist eine blo? "globale" Forderungsanmeldung unzul?ssig; sie muss vielmehr so aufgeschlüsselt werden, dass die Forderungen den einzelnen WE-Objekten und den die entsprechenden Mindestanteile sichernden gesetzlichen Vorzugspfandrechten zugeordnet werden k?nnen. Sollten einzelne in Exekution gezogene Mindestanteile samt den damit verbundenen WE-Objekten keinen Erwerber finden, dürfen die durch die gesetzlichen Vorzugspfandrechte gesicherten Forderungen nicht durch jene Meistbote befriedigt werden, die für die anderen, erfolgreich zwangsversteigerten WE-Objekte erzielt worden sind.     

Dynamischer Erhaltungsbegriff – Erhaltung einer Aufzugsanlage im jeweils ortsüblichen Standard

Auch im Rahmen der dynamischen Erhaltung iSd § 3 MRG muss als Voraussetzung für die Qualifikation als Erhaltungsarbeit überhaupt ein Mangel im Sinne einer Reparaturbedürftigkeit, einer Einschr?nkung der Funktionsf?higkeit, Brauchbarkeit oder zumindest Schadensgeneigtheit feststehen.     

The Politics of Technology Decline: Discursive Struggles over Coal Phase‐Out in the UK

The decline of carbon intensive technologies is a key element in the ongoing energy transition and our attempts to tackle climate change. At the same time, our understanding of technology decline and of the associated policies and politics is still limited. This paper builds on the sustainability transitions perspective, a novel approach to analyze socio‐technical transformation, including the complex interplay of policy and technology change. We study the decline of coal‐fired power generation in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2017 by analyzing the discourse in The Guardian. We find scientists and environmental NGOs criticizing coal for climate and health reasons. Government and incumbent businesses tried to re‐legitimate coal but eventually, their resistance collapsed and coal was almost completely abandoned in just a few years. Particularly devastating for coal were failed promises around carbon capture and storage, rapid diffusion of wind energy, and pressure from various policies. This study contributes to better understanding the contested nature of decline, and the interplay of discursive struggles, technology change, and public policy in sustainability transitions.     

Household Costs and Resistance to Germany's Energy Transition

Germany is an exemplary case of an energy transition from nuclear energy and fossil fuels toward renewables in the electricity sector, but it also demonstrates repeated, increasingly successful countermobilization by energy incumbents and their allies. The course for Germany's energy transition was largely set with the adoption of a feed‐in tariff law in 1990, but since then the energy transition has been altered by a series of policy‐making episodes, each of which was shaped by the outcomes of the previous episodes; there has been a combination of reinforcing and reactive sequences. This article uses policy windows and advocacy coalition theory, supplemented by work on resistance to carbon pricing, to analyze the four periods in which opponents of the energy transition had the greatest opportunities to limit or reverse it. It makes three main arguments intended to influence future research on energy transitions: (1) episodes of opposition to the feed‐in tariff policy occurred when problem awareness and political commitment converged, (2) the outcomes of those conflicts depended on the balance of mobilization by advocacy and opposing coalitions, and (3) rising household costs due to the renewable energy surcharge drove both problem awareness and the composition of the opposing coalition, which helped lead to a more far‐reaching retrenchment of renewable energy policy in 2014 than in earlier periods.     

Shaping the Scope of Conflict in Scotland’s Fracking Debate: Conflict Management and the Narrative Policy Framework

This study applies a narrative lens to policy actors’ discursive strategies in the Scottish debate over fracking. Based on a sample of 226 newspaper articles (2011–2017) and drawing on key elements of the narrative policy framework (NPF), the research examines how policy coalitions have characterized their supporters, their opponents, and the main regulator (Scottish government). It also explores how actors have sought to expand or contain the scope of conflict to favor their policy objectives. Empirically, only the government strives for conflict containment, whereas both pro‐ and anti‐fracking groups prioritize conflict expansion through characterization contests and the diffusion and concentration of the costs/risks and benefits of fracking. In theoretical terms, the study proposes that Sarah Pralle’s conflict management model, which emphasizes symmetrical strategies of conflict expansion by both coalitions, is a potential tool to revise extant NPF expectations about the different narrative strategies of winning and losing coalitions. Moreover, the fact that policy actors mostly employ negatively rather than positively framed characters in their narratives may be a valid expectation for similar policy conflicts, particularly under conditions of regulatory uncertainty.     

Exploring Aggregate vs. Relative Public Trust in Administrative Agencies that Manage Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States

Trust is a key component of democratic decision‐making and becomes even more salient in highly technical policy areas, where the public relies heavily on experts for decision making and on the information provided by federal agencies. Research to date has not examined whether the members of the public place different levels of trust in the various agencies that operate within the same policy subsystem, especially in a highly technical subsystem such as that of nuclear energy and waste management. This paper explores public trust in multiple agencies operating within the same subsystem, trust in each agency relative to aggregate trust across agencies that operate within the nuclear waste subsystem, and trust in alternative agencies that have been suggested as possible players in the decision‐making process. We find that trust accorded to different federal agencies within the nuclear waste subsystem varies. The variation in trust is systematically associated with multiple factors, including basic trust in government, perceptions about the risks and benefits of nuclear energy/waste management, party identification, and education. These findings have significant implications for research on public trust in specific government agencies, alternative policy entities, and for policy makers who want to design robust and successful policies and programs in highly technical policy domains.     

Are Reemployment Services Effective? Experimental Evidence from the Great Recession

We examine an experimental‐design reemployment program implemented in Nevada during the Great Recession that required Unemployment Insurance (UI) recipients to: (1) undergo an eligibility review to confirm they were qualified for benefits and actively searching for work and, if deemed eligible, (2) receive job‐counseling services. Our results show that the program expedited participant exit from UI, produced UI savings that exceeded program costs, and improved participant employment outcomes. Analyses of program effects on the UI exit likelihood show that the program's effects are partly associated with increased participant exit up through the time when program activities were scheduled, reflecting voluntary exit of participants from UI to avoid program activities and disqualifications of participants who failed to meet eligibility requirements. In addition, the program induced substantial participant exit from UI in the period after participants fulfilled requirements and their interactions with the program had ended, suggesting that the job‐counseling services offered by the program may have helped participants to conduct more effective job searches. Our findings provide evidence that reemployment programs that combine an eligibility review with mandatory participation in job‐search services can be effective during recessions.     

Factors Driving the Promotion of Hydroelectricity: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis

In the wake of the COP21 conference in Paris, the transition to a low‐carbon energy supply remains a central issue on the political agenda. The deployment of renewable energies is often challenged by multiple issues (e.g., public acceptance, landscape protection, and so forth). Political actors try to overcome such challenges with various measures; however, the policy instruments used vary greatly in their strength. This article questions what factors lead to the adoption of strong policy instruments promoting hydroelectricity. Explanatory factors are derived from Kingdon's multiple streams framework and are analyzed with fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis within the Swiss cantons. The findings show that the strength of policy promoting hydroelectricity depends on the conjunction of mainly two factors: ambitious climate targets and an already well‐established hydroelectricity sector that generates large tax revenues for the cantons. Depending on the context, the strength of left‐wing and green parties as well as the current level of exploitation play an important role with the aforementioned factors.