Staatenimmunität / Zumutbarkeit der Prozessführung in Tunesien

Ausl?ndische Staaten sind nach allgemeinem V?lkerrecht nur insoweit von der Gerichtsbarkeit der inl?ndischen Gerichte eximiert, als es sich um Akte handelt, die sie in Ausübung der ihnen zustehenden Hoheitsgewalt (acta iure imperii) vorgenommen haben; in Rechtsstreitigkeiten aus Privatrechtsverh?ltnissen (acta iure gestionis) sind ausl?ndische Staaten hingegen auch nach innerstaatlichem Recht der inl?ndischen Gerichtsbarkeit unterworfen. Ausl?ndische Staaten haben ihren allgemeinen Gerichtsstand nicht im Inland. Ihre Vertretung in einem Verfahren vor inl?ndischen Gerichten bestimmt sich nach dem Recht des jeweiligen beklagten ausl?ndischen Staats. Die Anwendung des § 99 Abs 3 JN auf all jene ausl?ndischen Staaten, mit denen die Republik ?sterreich diplomatische Beziehungen unterh?lt, k?me der Schaffung eines allgemeinen Gerichtsstands am Sitz der diplomatischen oder konsularischen Vertretung des ausl?ndischen Staats gleich. Ein solches Verst?ndnis entspricht weder den aktuellen Wertungen des Gesetzgebers noch dem Sinn der strittigen Zust?ndigkeitsnorm, würde es doch in v?lkerrechtswidriger Weise zu einem Eingriff in die Souver?nit?t fremder Staaten führen. Keine Ordination wegen Unzumutbarkeit der Prozessführung in Tunesien gegen den tunesischen Staat.     

Klageeinschränkung im Berufungsverfahren?

Im Berufungsverfahren ist eine Klageeinschr?nkung auf Kosten jedenfalls im Fall einer Beweiserg?nzung in der dafür dienenden mündlichen Berufungsverhandlung zul?ssig.     

Alcohol and Parasomnias: The Statistical Evaluation of the Parasomnia Defense in Sexual Assault,Where Alcohol is Involved

Sleep sex may be a defense for alleged sexual assault. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD3) states: “Disorders of arousal should not be diagnosed in the presence of alcohol intoxication… The former [alcohol blackouts] are exponentially more prevalent.” A panel member of ICSD3, quoting ICSD3 asserts: “alcohol intoxication should rule out a sleep-walking defense”. This implies extremely strong support for a prosecution hypothesis (H_p) over a defense hypothesis (H_d). I use Bayesian methodology to evaluate the evidential probity of alcohol intoxication. The likelihood ratio, LR, measures the amplification of prior odds of guilt, . By Bayes' theorem, . I use data from cross-sectional studies of sexual assault and prevalence of alcohol use, in college students, with data from longitudinal studies, and data from the epidemiology of parasomnias to evaluate LR (alcohol). LR ~1.5 or 5, depending whether alcohol does, or does not, increase the risk of parasomnias. The proposition of extremely strong support for H_p implies a LR ~1,000,000, so the proposition in ICSD3 is not supported by formal analysis. The statistical reasoning in ICSD3 is unclear. There appears to be inversion of the Bayesian conditional (confusing intoxication given assault, and assault given intoxication) and failure to evaluate alcohol intoxication in H_d. Similar statistical errors in R. v Sally Clark are discussed. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine should review the statistical methodology in ICSD3.     

新加坡的网络经济浅析

全球新经济特别是网络经济发展迅猛，亚洲各国纷纷把新经济作为２１世纪经济发展的主要内容。本文着重分析新加坡在发展网络经济的过程中，所具有的优势，采取的措施以及面临的问题。     

3D打印技术发展与专利法回应

3D打印技术在改变制造业基础设施的配置、原材料的供应链和产品销售模式的同时,也对现行专利法律制度形成了冲击和挑战。在3D打印技术领域,如何在激励创新与防止潜在的非法复制之间实现平衡,廓清合法的"修理"和不合法的"再造"之间的界限以及以"非生产经营目的"的个人打印是否构成侵权等问题亟待专利法律制度的回应。面对3D打印技术带来的机遇与挑战,立法者应重新审视《专利法》的制度基础,在平衡技术革新和其他社会、经济价值的基础上,推动3D打印技术和专利法律制度间的互动演进式发展。     

A Bridge in Flux: Narratives and the Policy Process in the Pacific Northwest

Policy narratives play an important role in the policy process. Often policy narratives originate from advocacy coalitions seeking increased support from the public for their policy stance. Although most Narrative Policy Framework studies have focused on national policy issues, this study examines a state and local economic development project by exploring the policy narratives from competing coalitions in favor and opposed to the project. Specifically, in the Portland–Vancouver area of Oregon and Washington, local policy discussions have been dominated by a proposal for a new mega bridge on Interstate‐5 connecting the two cities across the Columbia River. A new government agency (CRC—Columbia River Crossing) was formed for the implementation of this project. Upon approval of a proposal, CRC experienced heavy backlash from citizens, local businesses, community leaders, and other stakeholders leading to the formation of two competing coalitions in opposition and support of the bridge. This study, using content analysis of 370 public documents, finds that competing coalitions utilize policy narratives in strategic ways to characterize the opposing coalition, themselves, and other actors in the policy subsystem. This study also suggests that the strength and cohesion of a coalition's narrative contributes to its policy success and the winning/losing status of a coalition potentially determines the types of strategies they will use. Last, this study introduces and tests a new narrative strategy called the impotent shift testing a coalition's strategic use of the victim character.     

Government Promotion of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from the EU Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme

Governments play an active role in promoting corporate social responsibility and specifically environmental management system (EMS) programs, but few studies have examined the impact of such support on the decision of businesses to adopt EMS programs. We ask two questions in this paper: how does government support for EMS programs affect adoption of such programs? Second, what effect does this government support have on the pace of adoption of such programs? The answer to the first question can reveal how effective government programs are in boosting membership in EMS programs. The answer to the second reveals to what extent businesses within EU member states are converging upon particular EMS standards. We examine these questions in the context of the European Union’s Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), 2010–2014. There is significant variation in government support of EMAS across the EU and at the same time, EMAS competes for business attention with the more established ISO 14001. Our quantitative and qualitative analyses therefore reveal the effectiveness of government programs in boosting adoption, but also to the extent to which such programs cause convergence upon EMAS in the face of a competing standard such as ISO 14001.     

徐迟和梭罗:以《瓦尔登湖》的翻译为中心

徐迟与梭罗《瓦尔登湖》之间的情缘持续了几十年时间。徐迟初译和复译《瓦尔登湖》的时间跨度极大,其间先后经历了新中国的成立、建国后的一系列政治运动和1980年以后的改革开放。徐迟对梭罗《瓦尔登湖》的翻译认知,经历了一个肯定——否定——再次肯定的历程,从整体上呈现出一种螺旋式上升的态势。在1940年代末和1950年代初,徐迟对梭罗和《瓦尔登湖》的态度之所以出现阴阳两重天的巨变,基本上可以归结为是在政治和个人双重因素的制约下,译者对作者和原作本身的体悟有所变动。到了1980年代和1990年代之后,晚年的徐迟对梭罗及其《瓦尔登湖》的欣赏依旧,但更多时候徐迟是在借梭罗和《瓦尔登湖》来巧妙地剖白心迹,进行自我言说。     

The use of Hemastix® severely reduces DNA recovery using the BioRobot® EZ1

Abstract: The choice of reagents for presumptive tests for blood, and subsequent extraction methodologies, can significantly affect both the quantity and quality of purified DNA. Blood samples directly tested with Hemastix^® yielded <1% of the DNA recovered from untested samples when purified using the Qiagen BioRobot^® EZ1 and EZ1^® DNA Investigator kit. Full short tandem repeat profiles were obtained from both tested and untested samples, suggesting that the Hemastix^® reagent(s) affect DNA binding, rather than produce DNA damage. The Hemastix^® inhibition of DNA yield could be overcome by the addition of MTL buffer to the sample prior to extraction. Laboratories may wish to modify current procedures for extracting blood samples, utilize other extraction/purification methodologies, or inform their submitting agencies to avoid direct exposure of questioned bloodstains to Hemastix^® reagents.     

The impact of court errors on liability sharing and safety regulation for environmental/industrial accidents

We focus in this paper on the effects of court errors on the optimal sharing of liability between firms and financiers, as an environmental policy instrument. Using a structural model of the interactions between firms, financial institutions, governments and courts we show, through numerical simulations, the distortions in liability sharing between firms and financiers that the imperfect implementation of government policies implies. We consider in particular the role played by the efficiency of the courts in jointly avoiding Type I (finding an innocent firm guilty of inappropriate care) and Type II (finding a guilty firm not guilty of inappropriate care) errors. This role is considered in a context where liability sharing is already distorted (when compared with first best values) due not only to the courts’ own imperfect assessment of safety care levels exerted by firms but also to the presence of moral hazard and adverse selection in financial contracting. There is also not congruence of objectives between firms and financiers on the one hand and social welfare maximization on the other. Our results indicate that an increase in the efficiency of court system in avoiding errors raises safety care level, thereby reducing the probability of accident, and allowing the social welfare maximizing government to impose a lower liability [higher] share for firms [financiers] as well as a lower standard level of care.