社会变迁条件下的春秋战国食客

食客产生于春秋战国时期。当时旧的社会体制被打乱,人才选拔呈现多元化,促使食客大量出现。食客具有不稳定性,有的经权贵举荐或自我推荐,有的主动更换投靠的权贵或是因一些意外事件,造成食客身份角色的转换。食客成员的多样性,决定了他们性格的复杂多变,甚至出现二律背反的性格倾向。随着秦汉王朝封建专制制度的建立,食客逐渐走向衰落。     

牛分枝杆菌Ag85A基因在大肠埃希氏菌中的表达

以BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切已构建的pGEM-T-85A和pET28a( ),并将纯化的Ag85A基因亚克隆至pET28a( )中,构建出原核表达质粒pET28a-85A。将pET28a-85A转化至感受态E.coliBL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE分析,可见约32 ku的外源蛋白带。Western-blotting分析表明,该蛋白具有牛分枝杆菌的抗原性。     

论法官职业道德实施机制

法官职业道德实施机制应该是法官职业道德建设不可或缺的内容,而最高人民法院于2001年10月颁布的《中华人民共和国法官职业道德基本准则》却没有法官职业道德实施机制的相关规定,规范的阙如导致实践操作上的标准不一,因此有必要从理论上对法官职业道德实施机制的内涵、重要意义以及宏观上如何架构法官职业道德实施机制作以论证。     

经济发展要有新思路

党的十六大报告提出了新世纪头 2 0年 ,我国要集中力量全面建设小康社会的宏伟任务。全面建设小康社会 ,必须以经济建设为中心 ,不断解放和发展社会生产力 ,继续保持国民经济的稳定快速健康发展 ,即 2 0年经济总量翻两番 ,年均增长 7.2 % ,基本实现工业化和城市化。发展是硬道理 ,必须用发展的办法解决前进中的问题。     

锌与维生素A对隐孢子虫感染小鼠免疫功能的影响

为探讨锌和维生素A对隐孢子虫感染小鼠免疫功能的影响,将75只清洁级昆明小鼠随机分成5组,各组均饲喂基础日粮。其中Ⅰ组和Ⅴ组不添加锌和维生素A,Ⅱ组以饮水方式添加锌(38.5μmol/mL),Ⅲ组以灌喂的方法添加维生素 A(400 IU/只),Ⅳ组添加锌和维生素 A,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组均在试验开始时灌喂小型隐孢子虫卵囊( 2.56×106/mL),Ⅴ组作为不接种对照。试验结果,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组小鼠的粪便排卵量和排卵持续时间分别显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);在试验的第 2 周和试验结束时,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组小鼠血液中CD4、CD8细胞百分率以及CD4/CD8比值均极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。表明,锌和维生素A均能够增强小鼠的细胞免疫功能,提高机体抗隐孢子虫感染的能力。     

From apathy to obsession: the reactions of A. K. Chesterton and the British far right to imperial decline

ABSTRACT

Mulhall sets out to explain how, contrary to what one might expect, imperial decline was rarely a pressing issue for the British far right, usually falling below both the perceived threats of Communism and immigration on their list of priorities. By first explaining these unexpected findings and then placing them in an international comparative context, new evidence emerges that supports those imperial historians who subscribe to the ‘minimal impact’ orthodoxy regarding the effect of empire on the metropole. In addition, however, those aspects of the radical right that did concern themselves with imperial decline, namely A. K. Chesterton and the League of Empire Loyalists, are explored in depth, revealing a peculiarly British form of conspiratorial antisemitism that blamed imperial decline on secret Jewish power. This strand of conspiracy thinking, best articulated by Chesterton, is traced back to its origin so as to illuminate the continuity of ideas and ideologies between the interwar and post-war periods within the British far right. The result is an article that contributes to several existing historiographical debates and provides an exploration of a less well-known aspect of the work of A. K. Chesterton and conspiratorial antisemitism more generally.     

Preserving fairness: Williams against Cohen on just inequality

The view that the choices people make affect what it is fair for them to receive has widespread appeal. This very general thought has found particular and acute expression in the context of distributive justice in the form of the influential view that has become known as luck egalitarianism. In a surprising development, one of luck egalitarianism’s foremost advocates – G.A. Cohen – appeared, in one of his final papers, to reject the commitment to the fairness of chosen inequalities that defines luck egalitarianism. In opposition to the luck egalitarian view, Cohen suggests that choice merely deprives the disadvantaged of a complaint against being worse off, rather than rendering such inequality fair. Against Cohen’s revised view, Andrew Williams has argued that Cohen’s move underestimates an account of equality under which what individuals choose to do with their equal allocation affects what it is to treat them fairly. Here, I seek to show how the Williams response fails to undermine Cohen’s claims about the relation between fairness and choice. I draw on this analysis to show how the disagreement between Williams and Cohen on this issue illuminates a broader methodological divergence over how to approach questions of justice and fairness.     

不同前处理方法提取牙齿DNA的比较

目的对三种不同前处理方法提取的牙齿DNA浓度进行比较,建立一种操作简便、经济适用、浓度较高的牙齿DNA提取的前处理方法。方法选择源自7具尸体的共21颗磨牙,每具尸体的3颗磨牙随机按牙屑法、球磨法、液氮研磨法进行前处理,并分别称取50 mg,采用Auto Mate Express~(TM)法医DNA提取系统提取DNA,对三种方法提取的DNA浓度和STR分型结果进行比较。结果牙屑法、球磨法和液氮研磨法提取的DNA质量浓度分别为0.055 6~1.989 1、0.036 6~1.175 6和0.037 8~1.249 0 ng/μL,牙屑法提取的DNA质量浓度较高(P0.05),且STR分型成功率高。结论牙屑法结合Auto Mate Express~(TM)法医DNA提取系统是提取牙齿DNA的一种切实可行的方法,可应用于法医学鉴定实践中。     

Application of mRNA Expression Analysis to Human Blood Identification in Degenerated Samples that were False‐negative by Immunochromatography,,

Forensic laboratories are often faced with cases in which methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood is unable to be identified as human blood by immunochromatography against human hemoglobin A0. The application of mRNA expression analysis to samples that showed a false‐negative with immunochromatography was investigated as an alternative approach that did not depend on the antigen–antibody reaction. Real‐time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of blood markers such as glycophorin A, spectrin beta, and hemoglobin beta. Hemoglobin beta was the only marker that was specifically detected in blood, while glycophorin A was useful for determining human specificity. Hemoglobin beta showed good detection sensitivity and was detectable in 37‐year‐old blood stains. Hemoglobin beta was exclusively detectable in methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood stains. Detergents and disinfectants did not significantly influence mRNA markers. The proposed mRNA expression analysis was suitable for human blood identification as an alternative method to immunochromatography.     

Iron triangle of the gong jian fa: Lessons from wrongful convictions in capital cases?

This article examines the iron triangle of the gong jian fa (police, prosecutors and courts) in China, based on Chinese lessons from high-profile wrongful convictions in capital cases. It argues that the iron triangle acts as both an administrative and a political control on such cases, behind which lies overly close cooperation between the three state institutions. This cooperation often results from coordination by local political-legal committees (PLCs). Under this institutional environment, the police, prosecutors and courts have to work together and cooperate with combating crime, without necessary restricts to ensure criminal justice even in capital cases. Responding to repeated occurrences of such typical injustices, China has promoted several waves of justice reforms to prevent and reduce wrongful convictions over the last ten years, but has failed to make substantive progress without effectively addressing the iron triangle. This continued failure calls for a holistic approach to future systemic reform. Particularly, specific measures are required to enhance judicial independence and to reduce intervention from local PLCs during the handling of individual cases. Such reforms would greatly reduce the risk of wrongful convictions in capital cases.