Partner Abuse and HIV Infection: Implications for Psychosocial Adjustment in African American Women

A prospective study of the effects of partner abuse among HIV-infected and noninfected African American women (N = 137) revealed that there were both concurrent and longitudinal effects of abuse on several indices of psychosocial adjustment. Specifically, higher levels of both verbal and physical abuse were found among the HIV-infected group. In addition, the effects of abuse on suicidal ideation were significantly stronger among the HIV-infected group (n = 53) than among their demographically similar noninfected counterparts (n = 84), resulting in significant HIV status by partner abuse interactions. The findings of this study advance our understanding of intimate relationships with regard to partner abuse by examining a group of women at high-risk for abuse, yet understudied in both the HIV/AIDS and relationship literatures.     

Genetic structure among 38 populations from the United States based on 11 U.S. core Y chromosome STRs

A DNA database consisting of the 11 Y chromosome short-tandem-repeat (Y-STR) recommended by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods is constructed for 2517 individuals from 38 populations in the United States. The population samples derive from five ethnic groups currently living in 10 states. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot places the populations into four discrete clusters (African Americans (AA), European Americans (EA), Hispanic Americans (HA), and Asian Americans (SA)) and one dispersed cluster of Native Americans. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicates that a large proportion of the total genetic variance is partitioned among ethnic groups (24.8%), whereas only a small amount (1.5%) is found among-populations within ethnic groups. Separate AMOVA analyses within each ethnic group show that only the NA sample contains statistically significant among-population variation. Pair wise population differentiation tests do uncover heterogeneity among EA and among HA populations; however, this is due to only a single sample within each group. The analyses support the creation of AA, EA, HA, and Asian American databases in which samples from different geographic regions within the United States are pooled. We recommend that separate databases be constructed for different NA groups.     

Rural Versus Urban Victims of Violence: The Interplay of Race and Region

This paper examines individuals who were victims of domestic violence in Illinois between 1990 and 1995, comparing the traits and service needs of those who received assistance in an urban county over the 5-year period with those who were served by domestic violence programs in rural areas. Analysis focuses on the demographic characteristics of clients in each region, their relationship to the abuser, type of abuse, referral source, and need for both concrete and supportive services. In addition to looking at variations by region, analysis examines differences between African American and White clients within and across geographic areas so that the interaction of race and location is highlighted. Results indicate that apart from demographic differences related to race, there is little difference in the circumstances of abuse when victims in the urban region are compared to rural victims of violence. However, those in rural environments regardless of race, have more service needs. Differences in service needs also exist in relation to race, and for some services, both race and location are important. The implications of these findings for policy, practice, and future research are examined.     

文化因素与美国对华外交

在一国对外政策中,文化因素,特别是一个民族长期形成的文化传统、价值观念、民族心理和思维方式对一个国家的外交有着长期、深远的影响.本文在分析美国文化特征的基础上,认为上帝选择的"使命观"和实用主义对美国外交具有深刻的影响.中美两国从18世纪开始交往以来的二百多年历史中,这些特征在美国对华外交中一直起着重要的作用.     

《典型美国人》中的文化认同

《典型美国人》把儒家的人伦和个人主义看作是中国传统化和美国主流化的一对基本差异,并以此结构全篇,通过讲述华人移民张意峰及其家人由于语境的变化而在价值观、生活方式和思维方式上发生的改变及其后果,批判了“熔炉”模式下“典型美国人”的定义,提倡“美国色拉碗”式的多元化,主张华人移民在建构化身份的过程中,应该对东西化进行鉴别吸收,融合贯通两种化的优点。     

美国刑法的结构概要

美国刑法之所以采取制定法的形式,是为了提高"合法性原则"的效力;美国刑法的运作结构以三部分为中心:犯罪定义、归责原则、抗辩理由;刑法应具有三种功能:规则叙述、责任分配和等级划分。     

The aftermath of child sexual abuse of African American and white American women: The victim's experience

Several aspects of the victim's personal experience in the aftermath of child sexual abuse are described. Subject recruitment involved a multi-stage stratified probability sample of 126 African American and 122 White women, ages 18 to 36 years in Los Angeles County, matched on education, marital status, and the presence of children. Few ethnic differences were related to the initial response and short-term effects of the victim's experiences. Lasting effects of sexual abuse included sexual problems for women of both ethnic groups, but avoidance of men resembling the perpetrator was identified among African American women. Ethnicity may be a contributing factor to other adjustment related problems that African American women encounter in addition to their child sexual victimization. The implications of these findings and issues in the assessment of the aftermath are discussed.     

美国企业治理结构的变革与启示

股权至上是美国传统企业治理结构的最显著特征。20世纪中后期以来,美国企业治理结构创新的基本趋势是物质资本投入者与人力资本投入者的权益配置双加强型模式对股权至上模式的替代。理解现代企业的双重依赖性则是理解这一创新趋势的关键之所在。我们应借鉴双加强型模式,完善我国的企业治理结构。     

中美警察教育培训比较分析 --论近代以来我国警察教育培训改革与发展的启示

本文从建设和发展我国警察高等教育出发,运用因素分析和比较分析的方法,研究了中美两国近代以来警察高等教育的理论和实践,探讨美国警察高等教育制度和模式在中国适用的可行性及其中国化问题,并以此为借鉴,提出了几点当代中国警察高等教育改革和发展的建设性意见.     

理想与现实:非盟与非洲集体安全机制的建构

21世纪,随着全球化的加速发展和非洲民族解放运动的结束,非洲大陆面临的历史主题已由“求独立”发展到“求和平”、“求发展”。维护非洲大陆的和平、安全与稳定,成为非盟继经济发展之后的又一主要历史任务。相比非统而言,非盟在安全机制的设计、自主维和原则的创新、区域意识的塑造等方面有许多重大历史突破。但非洲集体安全机制的理想预期与实际效果之间还有巨大差距,政治热忱与现实困境之间也存在巨大反差,这是非洲集体安全机制发展不可回避的事实,也是当前非洲政治发展必须设法解决的头等大事。非洲集体安全机制的进一步发展还必须正视几个重大问题,诸如怎样处理冲突控制中的干预政策(“非漠视”原则)与国家主权的关系,如何协调自主维和原则与争取外援的关系等。