China's dual strategy of coercion and inducement towards ASEAN

ABSTRACT

This article contributes to the discussion about China's divisive influence on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It argues that recent China–ASEAN relations are based on Beijing's successful implementation of a dual strategy of coercion and inducement. The effectiveness of this strategy is tested against the South China Sea disputes – the issue that lies in the core of regional security and a key platform of power display. The article outlines Beijing's recent interaction with individual ASEAN member-states and its implications for the regional multilateral diplomacy. While by no means identical, Beijing's dual strategy of coercion and inducement with individual ASEAN states have resulted in an effective abuse of the ASEAN consensus principle – a tactic often referred to as ‘divide and rule’. Consequently, the group's internal discord has further eroded and affected the institutional confidence of ASEAN. This article draws attention to the psychological effect of coercion as a perception of punishment, and inducement as a perception of reward.     

Sino-Japanese Energy Security and Regional Stability: The Case of the East China Sea Gas Exploration

The Sino-Japanese dispute over the East China Sea maritime resources was triggered by the unsettled maritime boundary and the territorial dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. The dispute has been ascribed by many to intensified competition between China and Japan over energy supply. However this article attributes the fundamental cause of the conflict to power politics and political distrust, which are deemed to have the key role in preventing the two governments from finding a solution. The article analyses the origin and the causes responsible for the Sino-Japanese dispute over the East China Sea gas exploration, and then proceeds to investigate the diplomatic dialogues to reveal the key obstacles in the process.

理解南海争端：来自非声索国专家的观点

本文总结了20多位来自非声索国专家在南海问题上的观点。大部分专家认为：应该依据国际法解决南海争端;美国在南海的利益包括商业自由航行、争端和平解决与美国海军搜集情报,在专属经济区内搜集情报活动不违反《公约》;九段线缺乏法律依据,且内涵不清,因而引发其他国家的担心;在南沙海域争端中,多边谈判是现实途径;海峡两岸最好还是各做各的;《南海各方行为宣言》约束力不够,应该尽快制定“南海行为准则”。     

南海共同开发制度化：内涵、条件与制约因素

南海共同开发是当今世界的热点问题之一，但目前南海共同开发的现状没有达到中国与有关争端国的期望值。本文以南海共同开发制度化的内涵为逻辑起点，提出南海共同开发制度化的完成，至少需要4个基本条件：南海共同开发逐渐成为强势的区域共识；南海共同开发制度化符合各方利益，经得起利益的考量；南海共同开发的不断实践；南海共同开发的外在压力。但有许多因素阻碍了南海共同开发制度化的进程。南海共同开发制度化还需要很长的路要走。     

东亚地中海自由贸易圈形成的可能性

日本海、东海、黄海统称为东亚地中海 ,由于环保、交通等原因 ,“东亚地中海经济圈”的现实性日益加强。根据中、日、韩现有的贸易关系 ,在三国之间缔结自由贸易协定是互利的 ,应首选部分地区搞自由贸易圈 ,并在此基础上将俄、朝、蒙等国扩充进来 ,最终建立起“东亚地中海自由贸易圈”。     

创新与超越:新地缘政治与国家安全

运用地理关系谋划国家安全是地缘政治的本来使命.以扩张、对抗和谋霸为核心的传统地缘政治存在逻辑缺陷,不能合理解释当代国际政治现实,也无法有效应对国家安全面临的新挑战.为此,需要创新并超越传统地缘政治思维,以新地缘政治观来重新审视和谋划国家安全.中国在此方面进行了有益的探索和尝试,新安全观与和谐世界理论的提出与实践,表明新地缘政治具有相当的发展空间和现实应用价值.     

China's aggressive ‘periphery diplomacy’ and South Korean perspectives

In this special section, the present article reviews South Korean perspectives on China's ‘periphery diplomacy’ with a focus on Chinese behaviour with respect to the East China Sea maritime territory and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). By analysing research papers published by various Korean research institutions and academic journals, this article demonstrates that most Korean scholars hold that as long as China's growth goes on, the tensions between the US and China are likely to intensify. The article also shows that one of the primary concerns of South Korean scholars lies in the question of how South Korea should respond to changing regional orders and a rising China. The article argues that South Korea's strategic dilemma is reflected in a regional structure in which competition between two great powers has recently forced the periphery to impose bilateral ties on.     

南海问题与中美新型双边军事关系的构建

南海领土争端非常复杂,与海上优势和领土主张有关的新利益和竞争背后存在战略动机。虽然20世纪90年代后期和过去十年间南海保持着相对和平,但是复现的争议及潜在的冲突升级除了凸显各声索国之间的角力外,更反映了南海问题正在由资源领土之争上升演变为中美两国的地缘战略博弈。中美两国在南海地区的互动,特别是两军愈发频繁的海空相遇以及由此引发的冲突或事故,因此中美两国发展新型双边军事关系是非常必要的。中美两国在南海附近的相遇存在冲突升级的可能性,同时,美国的亚太同盟的存在一定程度上阻碍了中美的双边军事交流。缺乏有效的沟通机制造成了中美双边军事关系的低互动性以及两国战略互信的缺失。考虑到南海作为至关重要的海上交通线,其潜在的海洋资源以及未解决的领土争端,中美两国应该如何更好地理解和解决不断出现的安全挑战并且建立管理危机的机制,这对亚太地区的重要国家(包括美国和中国)都有重大的政策启示。     

海洋划界前临时安排在南海的适用

海洋划界前临时安排是缓和争端方矛盾的最佳途径,它能给予各方充分的时间来重新审视自己的立场,并能为海洋边界的最终划定奠定良好的基础。南海争端涉及六国七方,其划界争议的解决尤为复杂。近年来,我国与南海周边国家签订了一系列海洋划界前临时安排,但这些临时安排存在可操作性差、约束力弱、合作层次低等弊端。未来我国在与南海争端方签订海洋划界前临时安排时,应努力克服上述弊端,使其价值能真正凸现出来。     

越南海洋鱼类捕捞量演变特征及对中国的启示

文章通过对越南1995—2014年海洋渔业数据进行整理，运用GIS空间分析方法，对其沿海地区海洋鱼类捕捞量的演变过程进行研究。结果表明，1995—2014年间，越南海洋捕捞业呈现出迅猛发展的势头，其中北部湾沿岸省份整体增速较快；产量分布的空间差异明显，呈现出平均产量“南高北低”，平均增速“北快南慢”的发展特点；发展重心有所波动，但整体呈现出向北发展的趋势。可以判断，未来在南海地区，尤其是西沙、南沙海域的渔业资源，受到来自越南方面非法捕捞的威胁会逐渐增加，中越在上述地区爆发渔业冲突的可能性在增长。文章最后结合中国海洋渔业发展现状，从渔业合作、渔业执法和深海渔业发展等方面提出了中国的应对之策。