Interaction of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methamphetamine during metabolism by in vitro human metabolic enzymes and in rats

Illicit amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) tablets commonly contain one or more active ingredients, which have hallucinogenic and/or stimulant effects. Because components such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine (MA) in ATS tablets have similar chemical structures, they could be metabolized by common metabolic enzymes. To investigate potential metabolic interactions of ATS tablet components, we studied the in vitro metabolism of MDMA and MA using human metabolic enzymes. MDMA and MA were mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and mutually inhibited the production of their main metabolites. In vivo experiments were also performed using intravenous administration of MDMA, MA, or their mixture to rats. The plasma concentrations of MDMA and MA after co-administration were higher than those after administration of MDMA or MA alone. The results in this study imply that multiple components in ATS tablets can interact to mutually inhibit their metabolism and potentially enhance the toxicity of each component.     

Comparison of bulk and compound-specific δ13C isotope ratio analyses for the discrimination between cannabis samples

Five marijuana samples were compared using bulk isotope analysis compound-specific isotope ratio analysis of the extracted cannabinoids. Owing to the age of our cannabis samples, four of the five samples were compared using the isotope ratios of cannabinol (CBN), a stable degradation product of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Bulk δ(13)C isotope analysis discriminated between all five samples at the 95% confidence level. Compound-specific δ(13)C isotope analysis could not distinguish between one pair of the five samples at the 95% confidence level. All the measured cannabinoids showed significant depletion in (13)C relative to bulk isotope values; the isotope ratios for THC, CBN, and cannabidiol were on average 1.6‰, 1.7‰, and 2.2‰ more negative than the bulk values, respectively. A more detailed investigation needs to be conducted to assess the degree fractionation between the different cannabinoids, especially after aging.     

Article 53(b) EPC: A Challenge to the Novartis Theory of European Patent History

The authoritative ( Novartis/transgenic plant systems ) interpretation of the Article 53(b) EPC exclusion from European patentability of plant and animal varieties, and essentially biological processes for the creation of plants and animals, is considered, and its significance for the trend of EPO jurisprudence and legitimacy of the EC Biotechnology Patenting Directive noted. The Enlarged Board of Appeal's justification for that interpretation in Novartis with reference to the exclusion's legislative history is challenged, and an alternative theory of that history proposed, based on a thorough analysis of the unpublished travaux préparatoires for the Strasbourg and European Patent Conventions. In addition to elucidating the framers' (actual and presumed) intent with respect to the Article 53(b) exclusion, that analysis offers an insight into post-war legal unification methodology and its continued impact on one of the most contentious and technical areas of intellectual property law.     

C2C环境下的中国税收法律问题探究

中国现行的税收征管法律制度随着新中国的成立和改革开放的发展逐步形成,但是面对C2C这种新兴的网络购物模式,中国现行税法便显得无所适从,本文将层层剥开C2C环境下中国税收法律制度中存在的诸多问题并加以解决以完善C2C环境下的中国税收法律制度。     

论五四时期毛泽东的妇女解放观

五四运动前后期毛泽东的妇女解放观有着质的不同,前期明显地带有资产阶级民主主义的色彩,而后期则孕育着马克思主义妇女观的新因素,并最终发展为马克思主义的妇女观。     

用五四精神培养青年的时代意识

五四运动开启了现代文明,唤起了中国青年和广大民众的觉醒。五四精神,一直是百年来中国人民奋斗的强大精神动力。在当代中国社会主义现代化进程中,五四精神对中国青年依然有着强烈的感染力。用五四精神培养当代青年的时代意识,对于正确引导青年文化的发展方向,发挥青年在社会主义现代化建设中的生力军作用,意义重大,应当成为中国青年工作发展战略的一个重要内容。     

L／C程序中的拒付行为——从沃斯特-阿尔卑斯公司诉中国银行案切入

沃斯特-阿尔卑斯贸易公司诉中国银行信用证不当拒付案在国外曾引起银行业和法律界的广泛关注.基于跟单信用证交易的国际特点,各银行在处理信用证时会不可避免地考虑对方银行的审单标准;单据中不符点的认定和拒付的合理期限.建议国内银行加强内部管理,正确适用国际惯例以避免损失.     

白三烯含量的测定推断损伤时间实际应用的探讨

本文利用高压液相色谱法，检测大鼠切创创缘10％福尔马林固定皮肤检材的白三烯B4（LTB4）含量，结果发现：大鼠生前切创检材中LTB4含量增加，在1小时内其含量与损伤时间呈线性关系；死后伤未检见LTB4。随着福尔马林固定时间的延长，含量明显下降，但1周内仍可测出。     

泰安“1·4”袭警案对强化民警执法安全意识的思考

山东省泰安市"1·4"袭警案存在的问题是信息匮乏,研判不足,警惕性不强,战术不当,缺乏合理的处置预案;实施车辆拦截的措施不当,缺乏必备的处置装备和专业处置警力反应迟缓。要培养民警执法行动的安全意识,应该强化安全来源于对执法行动的正确的思想认识,安全来自于携带装备的行动习惯,安全来源于警务实战行动的程序规范。