Proof of concept centers: accelerating the commercialization of university innovation

Innovation drives economic growth. Economic growth leads to longer, healthier lives by transforming yesterday’s luxuries into better, cheaper, and more efficient goods and services. University research is a key component of our nation’s innovative capacity. In an increasingly dynamic and global economy, the institutional infrastructure is inefficient at moving university innovations to the marketplace. University researchers often face convoluted procedures with insufficient guidance to commercialize their innovations. As angel investors and venture capitalists increasingly invest in later stage enterprises (See PricewaterhouseCoopers, and National Venture Capital Association. MoneyTree™ survey report. 2007. and VentureOne, “Venture Capital Industry Report.” DowJones 2006), researchers face difficulty finding early stage funding to develop and test prototypes and conduct market research. In order to fill this funding gap and accelerate the commercialization of university innovations, a new type of organization has emerged—the proof of concept center. An analysis of the Deshpande Center at MIT and the von Liebig Center at UCSD provides valuable insight into how proof of concept centers can facilitate the transfer of university innovations into commercial applications.

Why football players may benefit from the ‘shadow of the transfer system’

Transfer restrictions have a long tradition in professional sports but came under heavy attack in recent years (e.g. Bosman ruling, Monti system). Based on a bargaining model with stochastic player productivity, we show that less restrictive transfer rules reallocate ex post bargaining power from players to clubs. This reallocation is efficient and in the ex ante self-interest of players. The right to charge transfer fees enables clubs to insure their players. The players, in turn, benefit by converting risky future income into riskless current income. Overall, player utility is higher under more than under less restrictive transfer rules.

提单与票据之比较研究

有关提单的法律规定尚不完整 ,因提单和票据实质上有许多相似之处 ,人们可以利用票据法的一些规定来解决提单的一些问题。本文比较研究了提单和票据的法律性质以及二者在转让中的前后手权利优劣等事项。     

Gender Mainstreaming Strategies in the E.U.: Delivering on an Agenda?

Recent years have witnessed the emergence of anew policy style within the E.U., characterized by voluntary policy transfer between member states and soft policy instruments including exchange of best practice, targets, benchmarking and national league tables. This article examines how these methods have been used by gender mainstreaming advocates and evaluates the impact of this strategy to-date upon E.U. policy-making procedures and outputs. It is argued that mainstreaming has provided new opportunities for feminists to influence the E.U. policy agenda, but that the impact of mainstreaming varies between sectors and member states. The concluding section considers the implications of E.U. mainstreaming from the perspective of the European Women's Lobby(E.W.L.). This discussion highlights the potential opportunities and risks for feminists of mainstreaming. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

信用证在国际贸易货款结算过程中的若干法律适用问题研究——兼评UCP500的适用

信用证在国际贸易货款结算中是最常用的一种方式,它以银行信用取代商业信用,大大降低了国际贸易中的风险。然而,由于在信用证业务中,银行只负责审查单据,而不考虑货物的实际情况,即只要“单单相符,单证相符”就应付款。因而,出现了诸如非单据性条款、单证不符、信用证修改等亟待解决的问题。     

论提单背面管辖权条款的法律效力——由一起无船承运人无单放货案引发的思考

结合一起无船承运人无单放货案,论述作为货方对提单背面约定管辖权条款法律效力的理解,提出法院在处理提单背面管辖条款纠纷案件时,应遵循与案件有实际联系的原则,充分考虑到管辖条款作为格式条款的法律效力,维护中国的国家司法权。     

亚急性黄药子中毒的实验病理学研究

目的 研究黄药子对小鼠毒性作用的病理变化及其毒作用机制。方法 按1/4LD_(50),1/10LD_(50),1/30LD_(50)剂量给ICR小鼠连续灌服200％的黄药子水煎剂,观察中毒小鼠各主要器官的组织学与超微结构变化,酶组织化学检查及血清生化检测。结果 中毒小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性,糖原增多,严重者可见灶性坏死;肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死。通过酶组织化学方法发现肝脏SDH酶和G-6-P酶活性下降,血清ALT和BUN升高。结论 黄药子毒作用的主要靶器官或靶组织为肝和肾。毒作用机理是对线粒体、内质网等膜性结构的破坏导致酶活性的降低,影响代谢。     

浅议信用证诈骗罪

当今金融全球化趋势下的信用证,在贸易支付中占有至关重要的地位,受到贸易当事人的青睐,但同时也被不法分子所觊觎.信用证诈骗犯罪使得世界各国深受其害.本文从刑法学的角度,对信用证诈骗罪的要件、类型和处罚进行了深入分析,并试图寻求一些防范对策,以期减少风险,增强法律保障.     

自我系统理论：二语学习动机理论的新发展

二语动机能够促进语言学习,给语言学习提供持久的动力,是二语学习过程中一项重要因素。心理学家Dornyei提出的二语动机自我系统理论深层挖掘了学习者二语动机的成因,对外语学习起着举足轻重的作用,是二语动机方面最新的理论成果。目前该理论已日趋完善。