医学生对病历书写基本规范的认知差异及干预研究

为提高医学生病历书写技能、掌握病历书写要求和法律规定,本研究以《侵权责任法》第七章医疗损害责任和《病历书写规范》为依据,评估、干预、提高医学生的病历书写技能和法律意识。结果显示,实习生与在校生有统计学差异,干预前后的在校生对病历书写规范及医疗损害法律制度的认知有统计学差异。研究认为,在校生经针对性、综合性、规范化的病历书写规范培训后,能有效掌握病历书写规范的要求和法律制度。建议病历书写规范的培训应该常规化、制度化、规范化,纳入教学计划,提高医学生的病历书写技能和法律意识,减少病历记录不良和记录瑕疵,防范医疗纠纷。     

The role of cognitive distortions in paedophilic offending: Internet and contact offenders compared

Abstract

Cognitive distortions are held to contribute to sexual offending against children in a number of theoretical explanations of such crimes. However, not only is there little or no direct evidence in support of the centrality of cognitive distortions in offending but recent research has questioned whether the concept has explanatory power. Cognitive distortions are variously seen as necessary for the offender to offend against children, as post-offending justifications for the offence, or as reflecting distorted patterns in the offender's upbringing. This paper explores the role of cognitive distortions in sex offending by comparing the distortions of contact sex offenders against children with Internet child pornography offenders without contact offences against children. A new cognitive distortions questionnaire was developed which was suitable for administration to Internet offenders who had no contact offences against children as well as being suitable for contact offenders. It was found that some cognitive distortions are frequently agreed with by sex offenders against children whereas others were seldom or never agreed with. Little support was found for earlier typological approaches to the cognitive schema of sex offenders against children. Contrary to the expectation that contact offenders would have more cognitive distortions, it was found that Internet offenders had more cognitive distortions that children are sexual beings. Furthermore, there were no differences in cognitive distortions justifying the offence. However, offenders with a previous history of offending were more likely to admit to cognitive distortions which justify their offending. It is accepted that cognitive distortions are readily recognized in interviews with sex offenders against children. Nevertheless, it is argued that there is a need for new research to stimulate a new understanding of the nature and role of cognitive distortions in sex offending.     

The cognitive interview and its effect on misleading postevent information

Abstract

The present study investigated the effectiveness of the cognitive interview on reducing the impact of the misinformation effect. A 2×2 between-groups design was used, with interview type (cognitive or structured) and narrative type (misleading or neutral) as the independent variables. Adults (n=40) viewed video footage depicting a bank robbery and then received either a misleading or neutral postevent narrative. Participants were interviewed with either a cognitive or a structured interview regarding their memory for the original footage. The cognitive interview produced significantly more correct pieces of information than the structured interview, without an increase in errors or confabulations. An anomalous significant interaction was found regarding the number of incorrect pieces of information, where recipients of the structured interview made more recall errors when receiving neutral postevent information compared to neutral postevent information. A misinformation effect was successfully achieved but the enhancing effects of the cognitive interview were unable to reduce it. Results are discussed within the misinformation effect theoretical framework. The limitations of the present study are also discussed.     

Using the cognitive interview with adults with mild learning disabilities

Abstract

Forty-seven adults with mild learning disabilities (mild intellectual disabilities) attending day-centres and thirty-eight adults from the general population viewed a videorecording of an accident. A day later the participants were interviewed using either a cognitive interview (CI) or a structured interview (SI, a control interview). Compared with their counterparts with learning disabilities, adults from the general population recalled more correct information and made fewer confabulations about persons and objects. Nevertheless, the type of interview had an impact. For both groups, the CI was more effective than the SI in enhancing recall although, for the ‘learning disabilities’ group, the CI also produced a disproportionate increase in the reporting of person confabulations. All the same, the accuracy ratios were similar across interview types (80% for the CI and 82% for the SI). It is suggested that the CI could be helpful in assisting people with learning disabilities to provide information about events they have seen.     

论故意与过失的界限

我国传统刑法理论将意志因素作为区分故意和过失的要素之一其实并不正确,事实上,真正可作为故意与过失分界要素的是认识因素和意欲因素。在直接故意与间接故意的区分中,欲的要素更具决定性。而间接故意与有认识过失的分界,用综合的观点全面考察更为合理可行。轻信过失与疏忽过失的最大区别则在于行为人有无认识,这里认识要素成了区分的关键。     

黄地安消胶囊对糖尿病认知功能障碍大鼠神经保护作用及机制研究

目的 通过观察黄地安消胶囊对糖尿病认知功能障碍（diabetic cognitive dysfunction,DCD）动物模型神经保护及Bax/Bcl-2凋亡信号通路的影响,探讨黄地安消胶囊治疗DCD、改善学习记忆功能的作用机制。方法 采用腹腔注射STZ联合Aβ25-35双侧海马注射复制DCD动物模型,期间予以高剂量（12 g/kg）,中剂量（6 g/kg）及低剂量（3 g/kg）的黄地安消胶囊干预28 d,同时设立正常组、模型组以及二甲双胍和多奈哌齐组,每组10只。Morris水迷宫实验测试各组大鼠逃避潜伏期,大鼠尾静脉取血检测大鼠模型复制前及给药前后空腹血糖变化,苏木精-伊红染色观察各组大鼠海马神经细胞损伤情况,免疫荧光法观察各组大鼠海马Aβ清除情况,Western blot法检测大鼠海马神经细胞Bax、Bcl-2的蛋白表达量,qRT-PCR法检测Bax、Bcl-2的mRNA含量。结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠空腹血糖水平和逃避潜伏期明显升高（P＜0.05）,海马神经细胞损伤较重,Aβ沉积较多,Bax蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显升高（P＜0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显降低（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,黄地安消胶囊中剂量组具有最好的疗效,大鼠空腹血糖水平和逃避潜伏期明显降低,海马神经细胞损伤较轻,Aβ沉积较少,Bax蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显降低（P＜0.05）,Bcl-2蛋白表达量及mRNA含量明显升高（P＜0.05）。结论 黄地安消胶囊对DCD大鼠的学习记忆能力有明显改善作用,能够降低血糖,改善DCD大鼠海马神经细胞的损伤,清除Aβ沉积,其作用机制可能与调控Bax/Bcl-2凋亡信号通路有关。     

“一对一”贿赂犯罪侦查的认知脑电测谎

贿赂犯罪特点是犯罪过程预谋化、犯罪手段隐秘化、犯罪心理复杂化。研究认为贿赂涉案者的犯罪准备周期长、过程复杂增加了认知负载,有利于诱发案件相关信息特征性的脑电位;贿赂犯罪行为隐秘、涉及人—钱—物等记忆强度大使监控脑电变得相对困难,但有利于将特定的与案件相关特征性的脑电位和特定犯罪人相联系;贿赂涉案者被测谎时涉案认知预备增强、对贿赂行为的警觉性增高,使比对欺骗脑电更加容易。认知脑电测谎以其无法回避科学性强、准确率高、难以伪装等特点,为贿赂犯罪侦查提供了一种更加有效的新途径。     

认知脑电测谎在民事经济纠纷案中的应用

认知脑电测谎因其对刺激加工过程的中枢神经系统的活动指标的锁时性记录,在技术上具有无法伪装、难以回避的优势,其科学性正逐渐被人们所认识,在公安司法调查中处于推广使用阶段。文章在对认知脑电技术优势的阐释,以及这项技术在民事经济纠纷案中应用的可行性进行分析的基础上,对其在民事纠纷案中的具体操作进行了一定的思考。     

风险最糟糕情景认知模式及行政法制之改革

以行为决策学关于风险认知的两种模式及其相互关系的理论,阐述了政府官员（公众）对风险最糟糕情景的判断过程,从个体情感角度揭示其过度反应或反应不足的原因;运用社会心理学中的易（非易）得性启示及概率忽视的原理,进一步分析了政府官员（公众）过度反应或反应不足的机理。从行政法角度而言,政府对风险的最糟糕情景反应不足或过度反应都是不具有合法性的行政行为。为确保政府科学管理风险最糟糕情景,行政法需要进行制度变革。这些改革措施包括：组建风险最糟糕情景模拟实验室,定期公布模拟结果;建立并更新风险最糟糕情景信息超级数据库,以及确定相应的预警标准;成立超级风险规制机构以及设计更为精致和灵敏的分析性工具。     

国外主要组织压力理论模型的比较与评析

西方组织压力理论一直在引导和推进该领域的研究发展方面起了积极有利的作用。通过对几个主要的组织压力理论模型的比较和分析,可以看出这些理论之间的一些共性和差异,以及它们目前所存在的局限性,同时可以展望未来的研究方向。