“一对一”贿赂犯罪侦查的认知脑电测谎

贿赂犯罪特点是犯罪过程预谋化、犯罪手段隐秘化、犯罪心理复杂化。研究认为贿赂涉案者的犯罪准备周期长、过程复杂增加了认知负载,有利于诱发案件相关信息特征性的脑电位;贿赂犯罪行为隐秘、涉及人—钱—物等记忆强度大使监控脑电变得相对困难,但有利于将特定的与案件相关特征性的脑电位和特定犯罪人相联系;贿赂涉案者被测谎时涉案认知预备增强、对贿赂行为的警觉性增高,使比对欺骗脑电更加容易。认知脑电测谎以其无法回避科学性强、准确率高、难以伪装等特点,为贿赂犯罪侦查提供了一种更加有效的新途径。     

行政指导的权力性——比较法和社会学意义上的考察

传统观点认为,行政指导是一种非权力行为,这一定论形成的深层次原因是日本法学从德国继受而来的分析法学传统。但通过社会实证分析,就会发现“事实上的强制力”和“给予好处”等保障机制使行政指导至少在一定范围内带有权力色彩,这也正是各国特别是日本加强对行政指导的法律控制的认识论基础。“非权力行为”的定性与高强度法律控制之间出现的悖论导源于两种方法论基础的冲突。     

对医学生医患关系认知教育的思考

医患关系认知教育既是破解当前医患关系紧张状况的现实要求,也是医学教育的重要内涵。我国医学生医患关系认知教育尚处于起步阶段,亟需加以完善。改进医学生医患关系认知教育,要实现医患关系认知教育的机制化;梳理教育内容,突出重点抓住关键;构建有机协调的课程体系,发挥出教学的主渠道作用。     

The Effects Of Children'S Age and Delay on Recall in a Cognitive or Structured Interview

The study examined; (i) whether the enhanced cognitive interview (ECI) would aid event recall when used with children, (ii) whether the effects of a delay between the witnessed event and interview would have an impact on the effectiveness of the ECI, (iii) whether the age of the child would have a bearing on the effectiveness of the ECI, and (iv) which category(ies) of event recall might be effected. Thirty-two 8 to 9 year old children and thirty-two 11 to 12 year old children were shown a video recording of a staged shoplifting. Half were interviewed four hours after viewing the event and half after a six day delay. Children were interviewed individually using either the ECI or a structured interview (SI). Those interviewed using the ECI recalled significantly more correct details (especially detail pertaining to actions) with no increase in the reporting of erroneous information. The ECI was found to be a reliable interviewing technique regardless of age and delay.     

Effects of Drug Treatment Units in Swedish Prisons

This article presents the findings from an evaluation of the care provided at treatment units for drug abusers in Swedish prisons. A total of 741 inmates who were placed in prison treatment units in 2006 are compared with individuals with whom they were matched on the basis of their statistical risk for reoffending, and who served prison terms during the years 2001–2002. Half of the inmates in the treatment group were placed in units working with a 12-step programme, while the remainder were placed in treatment units employing cognitive programmes. The study shows positive results with respect to reoffending. The greatest differences were found in the following subgroups: males, inmates who were at least 30 years of age, those who completed their stay in a treatment unit, and those who had spent at least 4.5 months in a treatment unit.     

The Injustice of a Felony Conviction for Offenders Under Age Twenty‐One: A New Option for the Courts to Save Our Youths’ Futures

When the Criminal Justice System adjudicates an individual felony offender, it complicates many aspects of that individual's life; from applying for colleges, and jobs to attempting to become contributing member of society. In New York, to prevent seven‐ to sixteen‐year‐old youth who commit felony offenses from becoming felony offenders, the courts prosecute them as juvenile delinquents or juvenile offenders. In the United States, individuals under the age of twenty‐one cannot purchase alcohol or tobacco and cannot get married without parental consent, but they can be charged with a felony. Before and even after reaching the age of twenty‐one, individuals are still in need of guidance, support, education, employment, and stability as brain development is still ongoing. To help protect those who have not reached the age of twenty‐one, states should implement Senior Youthful Offender Hearings as proposed in this Note. This hearing is a two‐part hearing: (1) determine if an individual should be considered eligible for the protections under the current Youthful Offender Laws and (2) determine sentencing and alternatives to incarceration, focused on steering Senior Youthful Offenders on the right path.     

Enhancing the cognitive interview with an alternative procedure to witness-compatible questioning: category clustering recall

The Cognitive Interview (CI) is one of the most widely studied and used methods to interview witnesses. However, new component techniques for further increasing correct recall are still crucial. We focused on how a new and simpler interview strategy, Category Clustering Recall (CCR), could increase recall in comparison with witness-compatible questioning and tested if a Revised Cognitive Interview (RCI) with CCR instead of witness-compatible questioning and without the change order and change perspective mnemonics would be effective for this purpose. Participants watched a mock robbery video and were interviewed 48 hours later with either the CI or the RCI. Recalled information was classified as either correct, incorrect or confabulation. Although exclusion of the change order and change perspective mnemonics in the RCI group might have caused a slight decrease in recall during the last interview phases, the RCI group generally produced more correct information than the CI group, with a lower number of confabulations. Further analyses revealed CCR was largely responsible for this increase in correct recall. CCR is a very promising interview technique which allowed the interviewer to obtain more detailed information without additional questions and may have, in certain situations, several practical advantages over a questioning phase.     

Cognitive mobilization and electoral support for the Democratic Party in Hong Kong

The bases of electoral choice vary. Citizens differ in their ability to reason and make up their minds in different ways. Hong Kong appears to be the most likely case for the idea of cognitive mobilization, because of the the absence of socio-economic mobilization, the paucity of political mobilization, the novelty of partisanship, the high level of education, and the prosperous and easily accessible mass media. Findings on the legislative election in 1998, however, show that partisan attachment remains a powerful factor in electoral choice. Still, political information is more important as it broadens the basis of electoral choice. Specifically, the less-informed voters voted for the Democratic Party (DP) solely on the basis of partisan attachment. In comparison, the vote of the better-informed voters was broadly based, with evaluative factors overtaking partisanship in importance. This paper provides a contribution to the understanding of constrained elections in a partial democracy.     

英语主、被动语态的认知阐释

从认知语法的角度看,英语主动态和被动态不仅是句子结构的不同,更是人们从不同认知角度对现实世界现象的认识。     

耳针对血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及海马神经细胞的影响

目的 动态观察耳针对血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）大鼠认知功能及海马神经细胞的影响。方法 从60只健康雄性SD大鼠中随机选取10只为正常组,其余采用四血管阻断法复制VD大鼠模型,然后随机分为模型组、耳针组、西药组,每组10只。于模型复制后第4天,治疗第30、60天时,采用跳台实验检测各组大鼠的学习记忆成绩,并进行神经行为学评分;于模型复制后第4天、治疗第60天时,光镜下观察各组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞形态。结果 模型复制后第4天,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠学习记忆成绩、神经行为学评分及海马CA1区锥体存活细胞数差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;耳针治疗30、60 d后,与模型组比较,耳针组及西药组大鼠学习记忆成绩、神经行为学评分差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,耳针组与西药组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗60 d后,耳针组、西药组大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞存活数与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;耳针组与西药组相比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 耳针可以提高VD大鼠的学习记忆能力,降低神经行为学评分;耳针可改善变性的海马CA1神经细胞,促进其修复与再生,从而提高VD大鼠学习记忆功能,这可能是临床耳针治疗VD有效作用的可能机制。