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精神病人刑事责任能力相关问题研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
受“有病无罪”观念的错误影响,长期以来法学领域很少开展对精神病人“犯罪”的研究,致使形成“精神病学鉴定专家裁判精神病人是否犯罪”的态势,忽视了对社会公共安全的保护。笔者简明扼要地介绍了美国司法精神病学近几十年的变迁,以此为参照,发表了对精神病人犯罪研究的一些看法。 相似文献
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William Bernet 《Family Court Review》2020,58(2):293-307
Since parental alienation syndrome (PAS) was identified in the 1980's, there has been a remarkable amount of misinformation regarding both PAS and parental alienation (PA). These falsehoods were published in professional journals, presented at conferences, and distributed through internet websites and blogs. This article summarizes five examples of published misinformation regarding PAS/PA. Each case study includes: the false statements that were published in the medical, psychological, or legal professional literature; the names of the individuals who made the false statements; and the steps taken to refute the falsehoods and correct the record. The writers of the misinformation were from Sweden, Tunisia, Spain, and the United States, which illustrates the international scope of PAS/PA. In one example, the misinformation reached the U.S. House of Representatives and was almost included in a formal resolution adopted by that body. The article discusses various underlying causes of the high level of polarization in PAS/PA scholarship. The article also proposes steps that both mental health and legal writers can adopt to reduce the destructive polarization that has occurred. In general, however, clinicians, forensic practitioners, and legal professionals should remain vigilant when they read articles or listen to presentations about topics that might be considered controversial. 相似文献
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Increasing Cognitive Load to Facilitate Lie Detection: The Benefit of Recalling an Event in Reverse Order 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In two experiments, we tested the hypotheses that (a) the difference between liars and truth tellers will be greater when interviewees report their stories in reverse order than in chronological order, and (b) instructing interviewees to recall their stories in reverse order will facilitate detecting deception. In Experiment 1, 80 mock suspects told the truth or lied about a staged event and did or did not report their stories in reverse order. The reverse order interviews contained many more cues to deceit than the control interviews. In Experiment 2, 55 police officers watched a selection of the videotaped interviews of Experiment 1 and made veracity judgements. Requesting suspects to convey their stories in reverse order improved police observers' ability to detect deception and did not result in a response bias. 相似文献
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This article explores how several subtle issues concerning political judgments raised in Harry Potter are reflected in contemporary policy making. Using Rowling's story as a starting point, we show that findings on systematic errors in judgment—or cognitive biases—studied in psychology and behavioral economics can lead to repeated misjudgments that obstruct sound policy prioritization. We examine several cognitive principles that (1) influence how decisions are made under conditions of uncertainty and (2) explain why some predictions underpinning those decisions can run quite seriously awry. These operate in both Harry's fictional world and the current policy approaches to climate change, counterterrorism, obesity, and immigration. We emphasize the need for policy makers and citizens to be more acutely aware of the kinds and scope of repeated errors in judgment that rational choice models cannot fully explain or predict. Finally, we note how cognitive bias might be potentially reduced in certain collective decision‐making strategies. Related Articles in this Politics & Policy Symposium Mena Alemán. 2012. “Editor's Introduction to the Symposium: Politics, Policy, and Harry Potter.”Politics & Policy 40 (3). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00355.x/abstract Norman. 2012. “International Boggarts: Carl Schmitt, Harry Potter, and the Transfiguration of Identity and Violence.”Politics & Policy 40 (3). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00357.x/abstract Grijalva. 2012. “Deconstructing the Grand Narrative in Harry Potter: Inclusion/Exclusion and Discriminatory Policies in Fiction and Practice.”Politics & Policy 40 (3). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00358.x/abstract Related Media Film Clips: Gilbert. 2007a. “Dan Gilbert.”PopTech. http://poptech.org/popcasts/dan_gilbert__poptech_2007 Gilbert. 2010. “Global Warming and Psychology.”Harvard Thinks Big 2010. http://vimeo.com/10324258 Kahneman. 2009. “Is there a Demand for Rationality?” http://vimeo.com/29660719 Course Syllabus: “Harry Potter and International Politics: Identity, Violence, and Social Control.” http://ipsonet.org/data/files/psoproceedings16.pdf (7‐18) Este artículo explora cómo ciertos temas relacionados con las decisiones políticas en Harry Potter se reflejan en la toma de decisiones políticas. Usando las historias de Rowling como punto de partida, mostramos cómo los errores sistemáticos en la toma de decisiones—o errores cognitivos—estudiados en psicología y economía conductual pueden provocar errores sistemáticos que impiden una priorización adecuada en políticas públicas. Examinamos principios cognitivos que (1) influencian la toma de decisiones bajo incertidumbre; y (2) explican por qué las predicciones usadas para tomar esas decisiones pueden estar severamente equivocadas. Estos errores intervienen en el mundo ficticio de Harry y en los enfoques políticos actuales hacia el cambio climático, la prevención del terrorismo, obesidad e inmigración. Resaltamos la obligación de los legisladores y ciudadanos de estar más conscientes de estos errores sistemáticos que las teorías de racionalidad no logran explicar o predecir. Por último, sugerimos como estos errores pueden ser reducidos en ciertos contextos de toma de decisiones grupales. 相似文献
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Heidi J. Kuivaniemi-Smith Eleanor R. Brodie Gregory Mahoney Christopher Rynn 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2013,19(4):389-406
Justice systems around the world are increasingly turning to videoconferencing as a means to reduce delays and reduce costs in legal processes. This preliminary research examined whether interviewing a witness remotely – without physical co-presence of the witness and interviewer – could facilitate the production of quality facial composite sketches of suspects. In Study 1, 42 adults briefly viewed a photograph of a face. The next day they participated in Cognitive Interviews with a forensic artist, conducted either face-to-face or remotely via videoconference. In Study 2, 20 adults participated in videoconferenced interviews, and we manipulated the method by which they viewed the developing sketch. In both studies, independent groups of volunteers rated the likeness of the composites to the original photographs. The data suggest that remote interviews elicited effective composites; however, in Study 1 these composites were considered poorer matches to the photographs than were those produced in face-to-face interviews. The differences were small, but significant. Participants perceived several disadvantages to remote interviewing, but also several advantages including less pressure and better concentration. The results of Study 2 suggested that different sketch presentation methods offered different benefits. We propose that remote interviewing could be a useful tool for investigators in certain circumstances. 相似文献
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Abstract This paper forms the second part of a debate led by Marshall, Marshall, and Kingston (2011) regarding the need to address so-called cognitive distortions in sexual offender treatment. In their paper, Marshall et al. argue that so-called cognitive distortions may not necessarily require intense and focused attention or challenge throughout treatment. In evaluating Marshall et al.'s arguments, we highlight some inherent differences in how both Marshall et al. and ourselves choose to define the term “cognitive distortion”. We surmise that these key definitional differences appear to account for many of the issues that we “debate”. In particular, for example, Marshall et al. focus their arguments regarding cognitive distortions more explicitly upon excuses, denial and minimisations, whereas we choose to focus upon schemas and higher-order belief structures. Thus, we argue that the broadness and vagueness of the term “cognitive distortion” can lend itself to quite different interpretations and research foci. We offer some alternative views to Marshall et al.'s position and advocate the consideration of cognitions with an aetiological role in offending. We conclude with some suggestions for future research and treatment. 相似文献
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目的 探讨Wilson病(Wilson’s disease, WD)认知功能障碍与肠道菌群的关系,以期为临床治疗WD合并认知功能障碍提供理论基础。方法 选取38例WD伴认知功能障碍的患者作为观察组,同时选取32例WD不伴认知功能障碍的患者为对照组,取大便样品进行16S rRNA基因测序技术分析,通过检测两组患者肠道菌群的组成及其丰度,探讨两者之间的相关性。结果 在门水平上,与对照组比较,观察组拟杆菌门和放线菌门丰度明显升高(P<0.05),厚壁菌门和变形菌门丰度明显降低(P<0.05);在科水平上,与对照组比较,观察组双歧杆菌科、紫单胞菌科、拟杆菌科、产碱杆菌科、理研菌科、乳酸菌科、韦荣氏球菌科丰度明显升高(P<0.05),梭菌科、科里杆菌科、未分类拟杆菌、肠杆菌科、毛螺菌科、乳球菌科、普氏菌科、链球菌科丰度明显降低(P<0.05);在属水平上,与对照组比较,观察组乳酸菌属、小杆菌属、乳球菌属、柯林斯氏菌属、另枝菌属、拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、帕拉斯氏菌属丰度明显升高(P<0.05),直肠真杆菌属、布劳特氏菌属、克雷伯氏菌属、栖粪杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、链球菌属... 相似文献
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目的观察通督调神针刺法对血管性轻度认知障碍患者的疗效,以及对血清脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neural nutrition factor,BDNF)、血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平的影响。方法将61例血管性轻度认知障碍患者随机分为治疗组(31例)和对照组(30例),对照组患者口服药物多奈哌齐治疗2个月,治疗组除口服多奈哌齐外还予通督调神针刺法治疗4个疗程。采用简易智力状态检查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)量表、蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)量表评价患者治疗前后认知水平变化,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清BDNF水平,循环酶法检测血浆Hcy水平。结果与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者MMSE评分、MoCA评分均明显增加(P<0.05);治疗组与对照组MMSE和MoCA评分差值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后血清BDNF水平显著升高,血浆Hcy水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组血清BDNF水平升高程度、血浆Hcy水平降低程度均显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。两组基于MMSE评分的疗效比较,治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论通督调神针刺能够提升血管性轻度认知功能障碍患者的认知功能评分,提高相关细胞因子的表达水平,降低相关危险因素的影响。 相似文献