The success of Afghan NGOs

During the 1990s, and as part of a broader drive towards the “Afghanisation” of humanitarian assistance in Pakistan, Afghan NGOs became key implementing agencies supporting refugee-related and reconstruction activities in Afghanistan. This paper provides a detailed account of their emergence and consolidation, with a twofold objective. First, it complements and contributes to recent studies on Afghan NGOs and Afghan civil society, by providing historical insights on their trajectory. Second, it assesses such trajectory as a way of engaging with broader discussions on the role of NGOs within humanitarian operations.

Le succès des ONG afghanes

Durant les années 1990, et dans le cadre d'une initiative plus générale vers l’« afghanisation » de l'assistance humanitaire au Pakistan, les ONG afghanes sont devenues des agences clés de mise en ?uvre soutenant des activités de reconstruction et d'aide aux réfugiés en Afghanistan. Cet article propose un compte rendu détaillé de leur apparition et de leur consolidation, dans un double objectif. En premier lieu il complète et contribue à des études récentes sur les ONG afghanes et la société civile afghane, en donnant un aperçu historique de leur trajectoire. En second lieu, il évalue cette trajectoire dans le but de prendre part à des discussions plus larges sur le rôle des ONG dans les opérations humanitaires.

El éxito de las ong afganas

Como parte de un esfuerzo dirigido a “afganizar” la asistencia humanitaria en Pakistán durante los años noventa, las ong afganas se volvieron agencias operativas clave para el apoyo de actividades vinculadas a los refugiados y a la reconstrucción en Afganistán. El presente artículo proporciona una historia detallada de su aparición y de su consolidación y tiene dos objetivos. En primer lugar, complementar y contribuir a los estudios recientes respecto a las ong afganas y a la sociedad civil afgana, esclareciendo su trayectoria histórica. En segundo lugar, realizar una valoración de dicha trayectoria como una manera de participar en el debate más amplio en torno al rol jugado por las ong en el ámbito de las operaciones humanitarias.

O sucesso de ONGs afegãs

Durante a década de 1990, como parte de uma orientação mais geral para a “Afeganização” da assistência humanitária no Paquistão, ONGs afegãs tornaram-se agências implementadoras cruciais que apoiam atividades relacionadas a refugiados e à reconstrução no Afeganistão. Este artigo oferece um relato detalhado sobre o seu surgimento e consolidação, com um duplo objetivo. Primeiramente, ele complementa e contribui para estudos recentes sobre ONGs afegãs e a sociedade civil afegã, fornecendo informações históricas sobre sua trajetória. Em segundo lugar, ele avalia tal trajetória como forma de engajamento com discussões mais gerais sobre o papel de ONGs dentro de operações humanitárias.     

Dynamics of multi-local gifts: practices of humanitarian giving in post-tsunami Sri Lanka

This paper explores the paradox of gift giving in privately initiated forms of post-disaster aid. The paradox emerges from the gap that arises between ideals of the altruistic gift, and its practices in the actual implementation in a complex and multi-local humanitarian aid arena. An ethnographic study of a privately initiated post-tsunami housing project illustrates the paradox. While initiators presented the project as opposite to the mundane world of development aid, they increasingly came under pressure to deliver and perform visible success, such that their practices resembled this mundane world of humanitarian aid and its logics of patronage, favouritism, and politics.

La dynamique de dons multi-locaux: la pratique de donation humanitaire au Sri Lanka d'après-tsunami

Cet article étudie le paradoxe de donations sous des formes d'assistance d'après-désastre lancées par des organisations privées. Ce paradoxe est engendré par le vide qui s'ouvre entre l'idéal du don altruiste et sa pratique d'implantation dans l'arène d'aide humanitaire à la fois complexe et multi-locale. Il est illustré par une étude ethnographique d'un projet de logement mis en place par une organisation privée. Tandis que ceux qui ont lancé ce projet l'ont présenté comme le contraire du monde banal de l'aide développementale, ils ont de plus en plus subi une pression pour qu'ils livrent et finalisent une réussite visible, cela à un tel point que leur pratique a fini par ressembler à ce monde banal d'aide humanitaire et à sa logique du mécénat, du favoritisme et de la politique.

La dinámica de los regalos multi-locales: prácticas de donaciones humanitarias en el Sri Lanka de la fase post-tsunami

El presente artículo examina la paradoja que encierra el hecho de que particulares entreguen regalos como forma de ayuda post-desastre. La paradoja surge como consecuencia de la brecha creada entre los ideales que conlleva el regalo altruista y el modo en que son implementadas las prácticas en un ámbito de ayuda humanitaria complejo y multi-local. Para ilustrar dicha paradoja, el presente artículo se apoya en un estudio etnográfico realizado en torno a un proyecto de vivienda impulsado por particulares durante la fase post-tsunami. Quienes iniciaron este proyecto lo presentaron en contraposición al ámbito mundano de la ayuda de desarrollo. Sin embargo, se vieron cada vez más presionados a tener que demostrar éxitos palpables, al punto de que sus prácticas terminaron pareciéndose a las del ámbito mundano de la ayuda humanitaria y a su lógica de clientelismo, de favoritismo y de politiquería.

Dinâmica de mercadorias de vários locais: práticas de doações humanitárias no Sri Lanka após o tsunami

Este artigo explora o paradoxo das doações de mercadorias nas formas de ajuda iniciadas privadamente no pós-desastre. O paradoxo surge da distância que é criada entre os ideais da doação altruísta e suas práticas na implementação real em uma arena de ajuda humanitária complexa e multi-local. Um estudo etnográfico de um projeto de moradia pós-tsunami iniciado privadamente ilustra o paradoxo. Embora os iniciadores apresentaram o projeto como sendo oposto ao mundo mundano de ajuda ao desenvolvimento, eles foram cada vez mais pressionados para implementar e desempenhar iniciativas de sucesso visível, de forma que suas práticas parecessem com este mundo mundano de ajuda humanitária e sua lógica clientelista, de favoritismo e política.     

美国涉外证券民事诉讼管辖权制度研究

文章以美国联邦证券法律体系中的涉外证券民事诉讼管辖权制度为对象,从管辖权的“法律基础”与“合理依据”两方面着手,重点论述了联邦证券法下的级别管辖、一般管辖问题。同时,对美国1971年《第二次冲突法重述》的相关规定及其在实践中遇到的问题进行了一定探讨。文章认为,对涉外证券立法严重滞后于相关实践的我国而言,美国在涉外证券管辖权方面的立法与实践,对我国相关制度的构建具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Targeted Neighborhood Sampling: A New Approach for Recruiting Abusive Couples

We conducted two studies to test the utility of a new strategy for recruiting couples experiencing intimate partner violence. This new strategy, Targeted Neighborhood Sampling, involves utilizing police reports of family fight calls to target particular areas within a city for recruitment efforts. Study I compared the efficacy of using this method to recruit a random versus a convenience sample. Results demonstrated that Targeted Neighborhood Sampling was most effective when recruiting a convenience sample of participants who responded to flyers left at their residences. Study II used a convenience sample and replicated the findings from Study I. Across the two studies, 40.4% of those who called after receiving a flyer experienced male-to-female partner violence within the past year. In addition, we combined data across studies and correlated types of violence the couples experienced with variables commonly associated with abuse. Psychological aggression, physical assault, and injury were all positively associated with reports of demand-withdrawal and mutual avoidance during conflict, as well as depression and symptoms of post traumatic disorder syndrome. Sexual coercion was associated with drug abuse. These results demonstrate the utility and validity of Targeted Neighborhood Sampling.

论社会变迁--经典社会学家对社会变迁理论的思考

古典社会变迁理论流派众多,本文分为进化论、循环论、功能论和冲突论四个学派,且指出了每一个学派的特点.重点论述了各个学派内具有开创性、代表性的社会学家的社会变迁理论的核心观点.     

契约精神与民刑冲突的法律适用——兼评《保险法》第54条与《刑法》第198条规定之冲突

民刑冲突是法律冲突的表现之一,其困惑在于法律适用上的难以选择。总结民刑冲突现象有两种:一是涉嫌违法或犯罪的民刑交叉案件;二是合法与犯罪截然对立的民刑冲突现象。民刑冲突现象的产生原因关键在于平等的个体于内在理念上的冲突:即,民法的个人权利保护与刑法的社会利益保护的不同价值取向所至,也是契约自由与社会正义之间的冲突。“民法优先”是契约精神在民刑冲突的法律适用中的必然选择。实践中应具体考量社会公正、功利主义、社会效益、从严解释四个价值导向。     

Location,Location, Location…Identifying Hot spots of International Conflict

Abstract

This article introduces new variables summarizing the geographic location of Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) and “hot spots” of these locations for the years 1816 to 2001. Three exercises are detailed: (1) the specification and collection of geographic location data for each MID onset; (2) the generation of static map representations of these data; and (3) the application of spatial cluster analysis techniques to examine their geographic distribution. Initially, I address the protocol followed while carrying out the first two of these steps - offering thoughts on the coding procedures and examples of the mapped representations of the data. I then detail the techniques used to conduct spatial cluster analysis. The results of these analyses confirm the apparent evidence of the mapped presentations of the data, offering evidence in support of the a priori expectation that dispute onsets are clustered in space and time; revealing apparent “hot spots” of conflict across most regions of the world. I conclude with a discussion of potential applications of this new MID location dataset.     

全球视域下交战规则的起源与发展

交战规则作为控制军队武力使用的基本手段之一，在古代军事实践中就出现萌芽。现代交战规则首先产生于朝鲜战争中美军的实践，并在越南战争中得到检验和迅速发展。英军、联合国维和部队等也发展形成了各自的交战规则。20世纪80年代，交战规则理论开始进入整合和稳定发展阶段，美军、北约、联合国等主要国家和国际组织相继出台标准交战规则。21世纪，越来越多的发展中国家开始发展各自的交战规则。     

悲剧化：突发性事件报道基本策略

悲剧的冲突、否定与毁灭激发人类危机意识与反思精神。突发性事件由于其灾难性、破坏性而天然具有悲剧的特质,因此,大众媒介通过冲突叙事、强化问题、强化事件处理失当及后果的严重性、强化惩罚等叙事策略增强突发性事件报道的悲剧效果,从而激发公众的危机意识和反思精神。突发性事件报道的悲剧叙事策略,必须以新闻报道的客观性和真实性为基础,并始终坚持平衡性原则。     

朝鲜与国际体系的互动冲突——基于边缘化心理视角

边缘化国家正是在反体系运动与大国遏制的互动过程中建构了关于自我的边缘化心理身份,而这一身份反过来又激发了它们的反体系行为,于是冲突在对抗与缓和的不断转换中周而复始地上演。朝鲜作为国际体系中的边缘化国家,在与体系的长期互动过程中,正是在反体系运动的实践等主要因素影响下,建构了自我的边缘化心理身份,而这一身份又引发了朝鲜以发展核力量为主的持续的国家反体系运动,大国则通过遏制或战争威胁来应对朝鲜的边缘化行为,朝鲜半岛的安全困境正是基于这一互动逻辑而产生的。