Government Selection and Executive Powers: Constitutional Design in Parliamentary Democracies

Provisions for a parliamentary investiture vote have become increasingly common in parliamentary democracies. This article shows that investiture provisions were largely introduced when new constitutions were written or old ones fundamentally redesigned. It also shows that the constitutions that endowed executives with strong legislative agenda powers also endowed parliaments with strong mechanisms to select the executive. It is argued that constitution makers’ decisions can be seen in principal–agent terms: strong investiture rules constitute an ex ante mechanism of parliamentary control – that is, a mechanism to minimise adverse selection and reduce the risk of agency loss by parliament. The findings have two broad implications: from a constitutional point of view, parliamentary systems do not rely exclusively on ex post control mechanisms such as the no confidence vote to minimise agency loss; parliamentarism, at least today and as much as presidentialism, is the product of conscious constitutional design and not evolutionary adaptation.     

正交试验法优选血康胶囊提取工艺

目的：研究血康胶囊提取工艺。方法：采用正交试验法进行优选，以TLCS法测定人参皂苷Rg1的含量。结果：提取交数、乙醇浓度对人参皂苷Rg1提取率及干膏率有显性影响。结论：最佳提取工艺为500ml／L乙醇回汉提取2次，溶剂用量依次为6，5倍，提取时间为1．5，1．5h。     

Introducing Value Chain Stewardship (VCS)

After a decade of international negotiations to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a sufficient number of countries have ratified the Kyoto agreement. However, even with this positive development there is a formidable challenge since, according to the World Resource Institute (WRI 2004), For the most part, developed nations have failed to attain the non-binding emission reductions they committed to in the original climate treaty in 1992. Ensuring adherence to the reductions stated in the treaty by these nations may become an immense managerial task, not to mention the enforcement of sanctions. Instead of national emission targets the approach of this paper is to focus on trade within selected industry sectors – i.e. housing and transport – responsible for most of the world’s GHG emissions. This paper shows that vehicle manufacturers – the design owners – may use their information advantages to influence customers to focus on other aspects of the vehicle than costs during use. Expanding the environmental responsibility of the design owners to coincide with the area of environmental impacts will convert emissions cost into a production cost. It is indicated in this paper that when applying the estimated costs for GHG emissions to the vehicle user, strong enough incentives are not given to drive technological change, but if the responsibility is allocated to the design owner the very same additional costs will be an incentive for the designer to use its information advantage to innovate away from those emissions-rendering technologies. A value chain stewardship (VCS) is, thus, established.     

浅议公民个人悬赏缉凶

在我国 ,由公安机关发布悬赏通告已有法可依 ,并且已为社会公众所广泛接受 ,但对于公民个人悬赏缉凶 ,却没有明确的法律规定。结合刑事悬赏制度的历史与现状对此进行探讨 ,有利于完善我国的刑事悬赏制度 ,进而有利于严厉打击严重刑事犯罪分子。     

浅谈工业设计与企业发展

工业设计是一种创造人类生活方式的设计,是帮助企业引导市场需求、创造市场需求的重要依据。优秀的工业设计可以提高企业产品形象、企业形象、增强竞争力、提高产品附加值和经济效益。     

事业单位改革：理念、制度与组织——以教育、医疗改革为例

“十一五”规划纲要中提出了“加快推进事业单位分类改革”的战略部署。事业单位的改革需从理念、制度和组织三个轴心指向来综合考虑改革的目标选择、制度安排和组织架构。真正意义的事业单位是政府为了满足公共需要专门设立的公立公益部门,惟一的价值取向是为社会提供公共产品。其耗费补偿主要来自财政预算, 应实行“收支两条线”资金管理模式。     

血痕中PGM_1亚型的检出及酶谱的保存方法

本文报告用等电聚焦方法,采用拉丁方设计,对血痕保存的温度、布质及含量,以及血痕中 PGM_1亚型检出时间进行了研究。保存在0℃(6个月)、4℃(2个月)、18℃(1个月)及30℃(3周)的6μL 血痕,PGM_1亚型均可检出。血痕的总量对 PGM_1亚型的检出时间也有一定的影响。不同布质对血痕中 PGM_1亚型的检出时间,无明显差异。另外,利用聚脂膜具有亲水膜面的特点,将 PGM_1原始酶谱贴附在聚酯膜上,可长期保存酶谱。     

建立我国公益诉讼制度的设想

在比较和分析国外公益诉讼的基础之上,本文论证了在我国设立公益诉讼的必要性和合理性,并对我国公益诉讼制度的设计提出了具体的设想。     

和谐社会中的人性预设与制度安排

和谐社会是一系列的制度构成,制度不是锲入人类社会中,而是融合人类社会之中。制度的安排必须基于客观的人性预设上,通过制度消除人性之恶、张扬人性之善。社会主义和谐社会的制度建构,应该处处体现出人文情怀、人性关爱。