The Legitimacy Audience Shapes the Coalition: Lessons from Afghanistan, 2001

ABSTRACT

Legitimacy considerations profoundly affect coalition-building strategies for contemporary military interventions. However, the nature of this impact depends on which of three distinct legitimacy audiences intervening governments are most concerned about: their domestic publics, the international community or the host-country population. Intervening actors typically value all three audiences, but may be more confident of some audiences’ approval than of others’. Moreover, these audiences may raise divergent demands regarding coalition design, each entailing distinctive strategic, operational and/or political costs. Intervening actors therefore make strategic choices about how to adjust their coalition, including which legitimacy audience to prioritize. Juxtaposing the two Western-led coalitions deployed to Afghanistan in 2001 highlights how profoundly such choices affect coalition design – and what unintended longer-term consequences they can have.     

Experimental analysis of the effect of standards on compliance and performance

Legal directives – whether laws, regulations, or contractual provisions – can be written along a spectrum of specificity, about which behavioral and legal scholarship present conflicting views. We hypothesized that the combination of specificity and monitoring promotes compliance but harms performance and trust, whereas the combination of specificity and good faith enhances both the informative goal‐setting aspects of specificity and people's sense of commitment. To test these hypotheses, we used a 2x2x2 experimental design in which participants were instructed to edit a document with either general or detailed instructions, with a reference to good faith or without it, and with a review of the work or without it. Participants could engage in various levels and kinds of editing, allowing us to distinctly measure both compliance and performance. When participants require information and guidance, as in the case of editing, we found that specificity increases performance relative to the vague standard condition. We discuss the characteristics of the regulatory frameworks in which our findings are especially relevant.     

高职《机械设计基础》教学改革的探索和实践

文中对《机械设计基础》课程从教学内容、教学方法、教学手段、实践环节和考核机制等方面提出了新的教改理念和具体的改革措施.通过教学实践,这些教改措施取得了较好的效果.     

Strengthening local political leadership through institutional design: how and why

ABSTRACT

Over recent decades, the institutions of political leadership have been criticised for being caught up in outdated designs that are not adapting to societal changes. In many western countries, this diagnosis has spurred design reforms aimed at strengthening political leadership at the local level. Based on a study of reforms in Norwegian and Danish municipalities, this article first develops a typology of reforms aimed at strengthening local political leadership. Leadership reforms are categorised into four types aimed at strengthening Executive, Collective, Collaborative, or Distributive political leadership. The typology is used to map the prevalence of the different types of reforms in the two countries. The results show that design reforms as such are more widespread in Danish than in Norwegian municipalities. In particular, reforms aimed at strengthening Distributive political leadership are used more extensively in Denmark than in Norway. The article discusses the contextual differences that may explain this variation.     

关于行刑社会化实践性问题的探究

行刑社会化是行刑制度的发展方向 ,具有较强的实践性。应以社会为背景 ,准确定位。将具体工作分为非监禁行刑与监禁行刑两种形式。在国家司法行政部门统一领导下分设两个系统 ,建立组织机构 ,实施管理 ,独立运行 ,构筑科学的刑罚执行管理机制。社区行刑系统面临着组织设计、权属界定、工作程序、管理方法、运行机制等诸多问题。监禁行刑应在现有基础上侧重考虑围绕着降低监禁人格展开相应的工作。     

The unfortunate natural experiment in ballot design: The Scottish Parliamentary elections of 2007

The 2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections were notable for the extensive variation across constituencies in rejected ballots (ranging from 1.90% to 12.09%). This paper uses an unfortunate natural experiment to identify the influence of ballot design on the occurrence of rejected ballots, or ‘residual votes’. In two electoral regions, visual prompts were removed and instructions were abbreviated on the (already poorly designed) ballot papers. Using zero-truncated negative binomial regression to model total residual votes as well as constituency and regional undervotes and overvotes, we find clear evidence that these changes made a major contribution to the extent of residual votes in constituencies within those regions. The findings emphasise that ballot design is not a trivial subject that can be neglected by electoral administrators.     

Teaching for Implementation: Designing Negotiation Curricula to Maximize Long-Term Learning

Most negotiation students — and their instructors — aspire to develop negotiation skills that they can transfer to real-world contexts beyond the classroom. Instructors can maximize the likelihood of long-term learning through transfer-oriented curriculum design. Curriculum design elements likely to support lasting and flexible learning include (1) articulation of clear, performance-oriented goals; (2) careful selection of a range of learning activities tailored toward those goals, including activities that promote schema development and adjustment, activities that promote behavioral skill development, and activities that reinforce explicit theoretical understanding; (3) provision of multiple opportunities for constructive feedback from a variety of sources; and (4) the facilitation of self-reflection and metacognition.     

论物权法定主义与私法自治

物权法定主义是物权法的基本原则,是物权立法的基石。物权法定主义与物权法的制度价值和规范设计密不可分。物权法中虽多强制性法律规范规则,但物权法定主义并不排斥私法自治,仍留有当事人自由形成其权利义务的空间。物权自由主义的观点不符合物权立法的目的。     

薄层色谱法鉴别黑色中性笔色痕的种类

黑色中性笔墨水主要由溶剂、色料、增稠剂、稳定剂和其他添加剂等组成,不同厂家或同厂家不同牌号中性笔墨水的成分不同,尤其是色料差别较大,这为中性笔墨水的种类鉴别提供了依据。本文利用数理统计中的均匀设计法和正交设计法安排试验,建立了一种可用于黑色中性笔色痕种类鉴别的方法:用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺作为黑色中性笔色痕的提取剂,四氢呋喃:甲醇:1,2-二氯乙烷:氯仿=30:15:5:7为展开剂的薄层色谱分析法。     

现代设计与发展趋势

本文对现代设计的概念、分类、发展历史及未来发展趋势作了系统的论述,对设计工作者如何利用优良设计的法则、把握现代设计的发展趋势为人类创造尽善尽美的生活环境,有着重要的指导意义.