中国贫困治理三十年回顾与前瞻

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,也是贫困问题最突出的国家.改革开放30年来,随着国民经济的持续快速增长和政府采取强有力的反贫措施,贫困现象得到了大幅度、大面积的缓解,因而,中国贫困治理的经验具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文通过对我国反贫困三十年四个主要阶段的分析,将中国贫困治理的主要经验概括为:政府主导型的贫困治理、渐进式的贫困治理、以宏观经济的平稳发展来确保贫困治理的长效性、引导社会力量参与来构建多元化的贫困治理主体、确立开发式扶贫是我国减缓贫困的根本途径等等,并进一步分析了我国贫困治理的五大发展趋势.     

电子政府的研究视野

近年来,随着电子政府实践的发展,学术界从不同的研究角度对电子政府进行了研究。总体来看,电子政府的研究可以分为"硬派"和"软派"两大流派。由于发展电子政府的战略性地位,各国政府和相关学术研究机构都给予此项工作以极大地关注,并取得了一批有价值的研究成果。国内学术界也对电子政府的概念和内涵、关于电子政府建设的研究以及电子政府与治道变革进行了深入研究和探讨。     

刚柔相济的治理工具及其治理优势 ——以行政约谈为例

良好的治理有赖于适宜的治理工具。作为一种新的治理工具,行政约谈具有"刚性"与"柔性"两个不同方面的技术禀赋,在不同治理领域都得到了广泛的应用,发挥了特殊的治理功能。本文以80份约谈案例的文本为研究对象,运用ROST NAT和Nvivo软件,从多个维度呈现行政约谈在不同治理领域中的应用状况,分析行政约谈实践中的刚性与柔性话语,进而从主体、过程以及结果等维度剖析行政约谈的刚性和柔性及其体现,具体涉及主体的权威性和过程的协商性等,最后深入揭示了行政约谈所具有的治理优势及其效能转化逻辑,其中的核心是约谈刚柔相济的技术特性具有灵活应变的治理优势。这不仅有利于深入理解行政约谈的属性及其优劣利弊,也有利于根据具体的场景选择恰当的治理工具,还可以更好地反思和谋划行政约谈的未来发展。     

全球经济治理视野下的海合会

区域经济治理在主体、客体和方式上与全球经济治理保持内在一致,是后者的重要组成部分和有力补充。海合会成立以来在区域经济合作上取得了显著成就,其政治经济影响力已经逐渐超出了海湾地区。依托丰富的油气资源和巨额石油美元等独特优势,海合会在区域与全球经济体系中占有系统重要地位,成为全球与区域经济治理中一支不可忽视的重要力量。海合会区域经济合作的特征以及与全球经济的广泛深入联系,使其更加有效地参与到全球与区域经济治理当中,也为全球与区域经济治理的融合协调提供了有益借鉴。     

论社会管理创新中我国警察权的使命

从权力运作逻辑看,公安社会管理创新主要是一种警察权力运作方式的创新。而任何权力都是在特定时空的社会组织体系中运行并实现功能目的及其价值目标的。从近代西方社会管理的经验和警察权理念流变看,民主政治发展、市场经济建设和公民社会培育三者对国家治理理念形成及其实践方式选择（包括警察权配置及运行）产生了决定性影响,历史经验和事实逻辑要求我们把合作治理与公民增权作为我国社会管理创新中警察权的使命。     

Networks in the Policy Process: An International Perspective

Abstract

This article (and more broadly this special issue) indicate that various types of policy networks, including governance networks, social networks, proto‐networks, and issue networks are defining the way that policy processes take place in various parts of the world. By focusing on network behavior in Africa, eastern Europe, and Denmark, it is clear that interorganizational cohesion, accesibility, trust generation, and “framing” issues are central to understanding network policy outcomes. Important implications regarding links between network characteristics and democracy are also suggested.     

Resources,Sovereignty, and Governance: Can Mongolia Avoid the ‘Resource Curse’?

The revenue generated from Mongolia's natural resources has the potential to transform the Mongolian state and society. Indeed, investment in mining has already led to a spate of urban growth in Ulaanbaatar and rural development throughout the rest of the country. Yet Mongolia's natural resources could also contribute to a ‘natural resource curse’ if not properly managed. Effective governance in relation to the state's natural resource sector is, therefore, essential. This article examines Mongolia's sovereignty in order to determine whether or not the state is capable of ‘good governance’ in relation to the mining sector.     

Democratic Culture and Participatory Local Governance in Bangladesh

The government of Bangladesh has introduced several initiatives seeking to develop participatory governance at the local level in order to maximise the outcomes of aid-assisted development projects. This article examines the impact of these initiatives and demonstrates that participatory local governance faces a number of challenges in Bangladesh, in particular, absence of democratic culture and tradition and disengagement of citizens, asymmetric distribution of patronage and weak institutions. In theory, political elites and bureaucrats in Bangladesh advocate democracy, accountability and local-level participation, but in practice, they have an affinity for power and centralised authority. Their reform initiatives seem half-hearted and disjointed restricting the growth of democratic culture and participatory local governance at the local level in Bangladesh.     

Local Government Modernisation in England: A Critical Review of the LGMA Evaluation Studies

New Labour has subjected English local government to an unparalleled period of reform. This article reviews the Local Government Modernisation Agenda evaluation studies commissioned by central government. The review identifies valuable insights from the studies into the contemporary state of English local government, central government and central–local relations. However, the studies also illustrate the need for research on public service reform to include analyses of the political origins of reform policies and the political–bureaucratic issues involved in their implementation. It is also argued that future research needs to rediscover the value of studying local politics ‘in the round’, the impact of socio-economic and non-local factors on local policy outcomes and the role of new sources of policy influence in the channels of central–local relations.     

Local risk perceptions to identify institutional and development planning needs

The article studies how local risk perceptions are influenced by state support for provision of public goods and overall institutional arrangements for the management of common pool resources (CPRs). Purposively selected communities from tribal and settled areas with variations in access to irrigation flows (perennial and non-perennial) set up a matrix for analysis. The composite risk index was constructed by calculating an incidence and severity index based on the local perceptions. The research findings have policy implications for development planning through the identification of livelihood risks, and risks associated with the management of CPRs.

Perceptions locales du risque afin d'identifier les besoins de planification institutionnels et sur le plan du développement

Cet article étudie la manière dont les perceptions locales du risque sont influencées par le soutien apporté par l’État à la fourniture de biens publics et de dispositions institutionnelles globales en vue de la gestion des ressources mises en commun (RMC). Des communautés sélectionnées sur la base d'objectifs définis dans des zones tribales et sédentaires avec un accès variable aux flux d'irrigation (pérennes et non pérennes) forment une matrice pour l'analyse. L'indice composite de risque a été élaboré en calculant un indice de fréquence et de gravité basé sur les perceptions locales. Les conclusions des recherches ont des implications sur le plan des politiques générales pour la planification du développement à travers l'identification des risques pour les moyens de subsistance, et des risques associés à la gestion des RMC.

Percepciones de riesgo locales para identificar las necesidades de planeación institucional y de desarrollo

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo examinar cómo las percepciones de riesgo locales son determinadas por el apoyo estatal para la provisión de bienes públicos y por las normas institucionales generales para la gestión de recursos utilizados en común (common pool resources o cpr). Para el efecto, se seleccionaron comunidades de áreas tribales y urbanizadas que presentaban variaciones de acceso a los flujos de irrigación (perennes y no perennes). Dichas comunidades establecieron una matriz para su análisis. Basándose en las percepciones locales se construyó el índice de riesgo compuesto, calculando un índice de incidencia y de severidad. Los hallazgos de la investigación tienen implicaciones a nivel de políticas públicas para la planeación de desarrollo mediante la identificación de riesgos para los medios de vida y de riesgos asociados al manejo de los cpr.

Percepções de risco locais para identificar as necessidades de planejamento institucional e de desenvolvimento

O artigo estuda como as percepções de risco locais são influenciadas pelo apoio do estado para provisão de bens públicos e arranjos institucionais em geral para a gestão de recursos de uso comum (Common Pool Resources - CPRs). Comunidades selecionadas propositadamente de áreas tribais e de assentamento, com variações no acesso a fontes de irrigação (perenes e não-perenes), estabeleceram uma matriz para análise. O índice de risco composto foi construído calculando-se um índice de incidência e de gravidade com base nas percepções locais. Os resultados da pesquisa possuem implicações de políticas para o planejamento de desenvolvimento através da identificação dos riscos dos meios de subsistência e os riscos associados à gestão dos CPRs.