Evaluation of amylase testing as a tool for saliva screening of crime scene trace swabs

Amylase testing has been used as a presumptive test for crime scene saliva for over three decades, mainly to locate saliva stains on surfaces. We have developed a saliva screening application for crime scene trace swabs, utilising an amylase sensitive paper (Phadebas^® Forensic Press test). Positive results were obtained for all tested dried saliva stains (0.5–32 μL) with high or intermediate amylase activity (840 and 290 kU/L). Results were typically obtained within 5 min, and all samples that produced DNA profiles were positive. However, salivary amylase activities, as well as DNA concentrations, vary significantly between individuals. We show that there is no correlation between amylase activity and amount of DNA in fresh saliva. Even so, a positive amylase result indicates presence of saliva, and thereby presence of DNA. Amylase testing may be useful for screening in investigations where the number of DNA analyses is limited due to cost, e.g., in volume crime.     

普通毒品犯罪案件中的诱惑侦查行为

毒品犯罪案件中的诱惑侦查是一门对抗技术,发生在侦查人员和毒品犯罪分子之间的一场生死博弈。因此,诱惑侦查的运用必须跟上毒品犯罪集团、职业型贩毒分子具体犯罪的新变化和新发展。     

论德日犯罪论体系中的犯罪成立消极因素

德日三阶层的犯罪论体系是大陆法系犯罪论体系的典型代表,它由构成要件该当性、违法性和有责性组成,不但强调犯罪成立的积极因素,更强调犯罪成立的消极因素.德日犯罪论体系中犯罪成立消极因素主要有消极的构成要件要素、违法阻却事由、责任阻却事由.犯罪成立消极因素的存在使得犯罪论体系兼具了惩罚犯罪与保障人权的功能,同时也保障了被告人...     

侦查效益的评估机制初探

法律制度是一种资源,资源具有稀缺性,因此,需要对资源利用的效益状况进行判定与评估,以优化资源的适用方案。从侦查机关现实的办案状况来看,与侦查高效益的实现还存在较大的差距,重要原因之一在于片面追求＂破案率＂,忽视了其他衡量标准,因此,还必须将侦查效益放在不同的语境下进行考察。侦查效益评估体系的建立应全面囊括侦查活动的各种不同语境,置于刑事法律制度、打击犯罪与预防犯罪的整体效果环境中,从侦诉关系、侦防关系的相互联系中界定侦查效益的内涵,而非仅仅局限于侦查学意义上的侦查效益,这是建立科学侦查效益评估机制的前提条件。     

论我国黑社会性质组织犯罪的刑法完善

当前,黑社会性质组织犯罪问题已成为我国社会危害性最为严重的犯罪形式之一。基于我国仍将处于特殊的社会转型期,黑社会性质组织犯罪所依赖的客观环境依然存在,而我国有关这方面的法律制度有待完善。为有效预防和打击黑社会性质组织的犯罪,应尽快完善有关法律制度,从而有力维护社会和谐与稳定。     

食品监管渎职罪的司法适用困境及出路

食品监管渎职罪＂入刑＂后,由于监管部门混乱,监管职责的交叉和空白致使该罪发现查处难;刑法规范本身用语的模糊性,结果犯的入罪门槛高,因果关系认定难,与其他犯罪难以区分等因素导致其具体适用难;加之监管人员与不法分子相勾结等原因,使得设立该罪的预期效果难以实现。对于其在司法适用中的困境,需要厘清监管部门的职责,优化监管者队伍,通过明确刑法用语、引入危险刑法理念变结果犯为危险犯、采取条件说来判断因果关系、增加罚金刑和资格刑等来完善刑法法规,为该罪的司法适用难寻求出路。     

对《刑法修正案（八）》的七点质疑

《刑法修正案（八）》对刑法改革的推动意义自不容否认,但7处缺憾的存在却使得《刑法修正案（八）》略显粗糙：以刑法修正案消融刑事立法解释的非法性;以刑法修正案修改刑法总则的合宪性质疑;引入治安管理处罚措施;对未成年犯的过度轻刑化待遇;取消死刑罪名、死缓限制减刑导致刑罚体系结构不谐：社区矫正“尴尬入刑”：危驾入刑有违刑法谦抑性。     

美国仇恨犯罪介评与我国刑法理论的应对——兼及群体性事件的刑事治理观

美国基于偏见而产生的仇恨犯罪及立法、实施机制相当完备,但存在概念模糊、正当性不足、惩罚必要性等质疑。我国近些年群体性事件频发,但不宜引入仇恨犯罪概念。目的犯、身份犯和聚众犯罪是对美国仇恨犯罪的理论照应,因应群体性事件的根本方法是通过树立刑事治理观化解冲突。     

Data attack of the cybercriminal: Investigating the digital currency of cybercrime

It is increasingly argued that the primary motive of the cybercriminal and the major reason for the continued growth in cyber attacks is financial gain. In addition to the direct financial impact of cybercrime, it can also be argued that the digital data and the information it represents that can be communicated through the Internet, can have additional intrinsic value to the cybercriminal. In response to the perceived value and subsequent demand for illicit data, a sophisticated and self-sufficient underground digital economy has emerged. The aim of this paper is to extend the author’s earlier research that first introduced the concept of the Cybercrime Execution Stack by examining in detail the underlying data objectives of the cybercriminal. Both technical and non-technical law enforcement investigators need the ability to contextualise and structure the illicit activities of the cybercriminal, in order to communicate this understanding amongst the wider law enforcement community. By identifying the potential value of electronic data to the cybercriminal, and discussing this data in the context of data collection, data supply and distribution, and data use, demonstrates the relevance and advantages of utilising an objective data perspective when investigating cybercrime.     

非法占有目的司法推定的混乱与匡正——以集资诈骗罪为例

非法占有目的作为主观要素,在认定的时候通常采用司法推定的方式进行,我国将推定的事实基础在司法解释中予以明确规定。但是从宏观角度看,这些规定违反了主、客观关系,违反了责任原则,有客观归罪之嫌;从微观角度看,这些规定出现了很多的不合理结论,给司法实践带来了极大的混乱。在司法推定中应当注重行为作为推定基础事实的作用,在规定上应当采用肯定要素和否定要素相结合的推定模式。