加强警务实战教法库建设之构想

随着公安机关大练兵的深入开展,广大民警警务实战水平和能力的进一步提高,公安机关战斗力的持续提升,对公安院校、警察训练学校和训练基地警务实战教学水平提出了更高的要求。需要建立一套能很好实现教学目标,紧密联系实际,生动鲜活,有警务实战特点的可持续发展的教学方法和训练体系。     

Population data for six X-chromosome STR loci in a Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) sample: Usefulness in forensic casework

This study presents data for the X-chromosome STR loci DXS7133, DXS7424, DXS8378, DXS6807, DXS7423 and DXS8377. In order to establish a database, unrelated individuals (males and females) from Rio de Janeiro were typed for the above loci. No significant differences were observed between allele frequencies in male and female samples (non-differentiation exact P values ≥ 0.156). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested in the female sample and no significant deviations were found. All six markers have shown to be highly polymorphic in our sample with gene diversities varying between 0.6797 for DXS7133, and 0.9260 for DXS8377. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium analysis did not allow discharging a possible association between DXS7133 and DXS7424 alleles in Rio de Janeiro population. Parameters of forensic interest, like PD_M, PD_F, Het_obs, Het_exp, were calculated for each locus. The high discrimination power estimated in both males and females, as well as mean exclusion chance in father/daughter duos and in father/mother/daughter trios, demonstrates the usefulness of these six markers in forensic investigation.     

Discrete Laplace as applied to the SWGDAM-compliant U.S. subpopulations in the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database

Late in 2021, the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) added the capability to perform discrete Laplace statistical calculations on searches performed against their SWGDAM-compliant U.S. subpopulations. Because discrete Laplace is not a commonly used or reported statistic in the United States, the SWGDAM Lineage Marker Committee, responsible for maintaining the SWGDAM Interpretation Guidelines for Y-Chromosome STR Testing, evaluated the feature to assess its ease of use and applicability to U.S. casework. Discrete Laplace calculates profile probabilities based on their genetic distance from sets of ancestral alleles and can yield much more informative probability estimates than the commonly used Clopper-Pearson 95% upper confidence interval (UCI). This is especially true for rare profiles with no database observations because, unlike the 95% UCI, the discrete Laplace calculation is not based upon how many times a profile is observed in the database. However, the statistic as applied by YHRD also has some limitations, such as a requirement that the query profile is complete for the ‘minimal’ kit and that expanded loci beyond those included in the Y17 kit cannot be included in the calculation. Here, we explain how discrete Laplace works and demonstrate how the results compare to those generated using the 95% UCI.     

Private browsing: A window of forensic opportunity

The release of Internet Explorer 10 marks a significant change in how browsing artifacts are stored in the Windows file system, moving away from well-understood Index.dat files to use a high performance database, the Extensible Storage Engine. Researchers have suggested that despite this change there remain forensic opportunities to recover InPrivate browsing records from the new browser. The prospect of recovering such evidence, together with its potential forensic significance, prompts questions including where and when such evidence can be recovered, and if it is possible to prove that a recovered artefact originated from InPrivate browsing. This paper reports the results of experiments which answer these questions, and also provides some explanation of the increasingly complex data structures used to record Internet activity from both the desktop and Windows 8 Applications. We conclude that there is a time window between the private browsing session and the next use of the browser in which browsing records may be carved from database log files, after which it is necessary to carve from other areas of disk. It proved possible to recover a substantial record of a user's InPrivate browsing, and to reliably associate such records with InPrivate browsing.     

广西基本侨情资料数据库建设的实践分析

Cai Lijin;Shi Weiyou;Luweijie(Yulin Normal University,Yulin,Guangxi,China537000)     

ECJ rules on acts of “Extraction” that infringe database right

Four years from the European Court of Justice's seminal rulings on database right in the British Horseracing Board and Fixtures Marketing cases, the Court has once again looked at the extent of protection this right affords. The earlier decisions had suggested the right was weak, with many databases not qualifying for protection and the extent of infringement required being difficult to meet. However, the ECJ's recent ruling in the Directmedia case (C-304/07) handed down in late-2008 is more positive for database owners. Adopting the reasoning of the Advocate General, the ECJ has clarified the types of acts which can constitute infringement of database right and confirmed they are broad in scope. The outcome and implications of the ruling are discussed below.     

ECJ provides further guidance on the ambit of database right

Following on from the European Court of Justice's ruling on database right in the Directmedia case, the Court has looked in more detail at the protection afforded by database right, and provided further clarification of the meaning of ‘extraction’ and ‘substantial’, particularly in relation to modular databases comprised of several sections. The ECJ's ruling is positive for database owners for the most part, bolstering its previous broad interpretation of the acts of ‘extraction’ that can infringe and considering in more detail other points touched on in the Directmedia, British Horseracing Board and Fixtures Marketing cases. This article discusses the outcome and implications of the ruling.     

Ideal log setting for database forensics reconstruction

The ability to reconstruct the data stored in a database at an earlier time is an important aspect of database forensics. Past research shows that the log file in a database can be useful for reconstruction. However, in many database systems there are various options that control which information is included in the logs. This paper introduces the notion of the ideal log setting necessary for an effective reconstruction process in database forensics. The paper provides a survey of the default logging preferences in some of the popular database management systems and identifies the information that a database log should contain in order to be useful for reconstruction. The challenges that may be encountered in storing the information as well as ways of overcoming the challenges are discussed. Possible logging preferences that may be considered as the ideal log setting for the popular database systems are also proposed. In addition, the paper relates the identified requirements to the three dimensions of reconstruction in database forensics and points out the additional requirements and/or techniques that may be required in the different dimensions.     

Use of sibling pairs to determine the familial searching efficiency of forensic databases

Pairs of individuals tested at the 13 CODIS core STR loci to determine sibship were used as a source of familial data that was seeded into a larger data set of 12,000 plus DNA profiles simulating a CODIS-like offender database. To determine whether known sibs could be found in the larger database two methods were used: degree of allele sharing and a kinship matching approach. The allele sharing method detected 62 of 109 of the known sib pairs (57%) while kinship matching detected 90 of the sib pairs (83%). Although kinship matching was the more efficient method of the two, the number of false positives generated prior to finding a true match was inversely related to the likelihood of sibship suggesting that many true siblings would not be easily found in a large forensic database via familial searching techniques.