Cannabis and driving: Results from a general population survey

The role of illicit drugs on driving, and particularly of cannabis and driving, is the object of increasing awareness. While there is increasing evidence of their effect on psychomotor performance and increased risk of involvement in traffic accidents, limited information is available concerning factors that can predict the likelihood of driving under the influence of cannabis. The present study aims to determine the past year prevalence of driving under the influence of cannabis, and of being a passenger in a vehicle driven by a person under the influence of cannabis, as well as to examine the correlations with a broad range of potential risk factors. A total of 2500 people, aged between 14 and 70 and living in Castille and Leon (Spain), were surveyed in 2004 with regard to their consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs. Among those who reported cannabis use in the previous year, further assessment was carried out. 15.7% of those surveyed reported cannabis consumption in the previous 12 months, of whom 9.7% reported driving a vehicle under the influence of cannabis during this period, on average eight times. One out of five (19.9%) reported being a passenger in a vehicle driven by a person under the influence of cannabis, on average five times in the previous 12 months. The predictors of driving under the influence of cannabis were the population size of community, the number of drugs consumed, reference to cannabis-related problems and to being a passenger in a vehicle driven by a person under the influence of alcohol. The data show that cannabis consumption and driving is common, and requires more attention from policy makers.     

毒品案件主观认定中的自由心证

在并未明确和确立自由心证制度的我国,自由心证已在刑事证据审查的广大领域占有了重要的一席之地,并发挥着潜移默化的证明作用。基于毒品犯罪证据收集中的实际困难,司法人员在犯罪嫌疑人拒不认罪,并否认自己主观明知的案件中,较多地从客观证据出发,运用经验规则与逻辑规则形成自己的主观判断(心证)。然而,自由心证是否公正和理性,则取决于司法人员的学识、经验和道德操守。     

A sudden death with lung embolism after inadvertent infusion of zinc oxide shake lotion

A 74-year old woman in postoperative treatment after a colonic surgery died immediately after perfusion of about 1.5 mL of a white emulsion which was believed to contain 1% propofol via cardiac catheter into the right atrium. It was strongly suspected that a syringe with a zinc oxide shake lotion (consisting of 20% ZnO, 20% talc, 25% glycerol and 35% water) which was intended for external treatment had been mistaken for the propofol syringe. During autopsy, an anatomic cause of death could not be found. In order to exclude an intoxication and to determine the significance of the perfusion fluid in this context, toxicological and histological investigations were performed. Propofol and other drugs applied to the patient were found in therapeutic or sub-therapeutic range. However, in comparison to a control case, the zinc concentrations determined by AAS were about 200 times higher in lung tissue, 10 times higher in heart blood and 3–4 times higher in kidney and liver tissue. No increase was seen in venous blood. Histology showed a strong embolism of the lung tissue with birefingent sharp-edged crystals, which were identified as the talcum, and an amorphous component (ZnO). The same embolism was seen to a medium extent also in the brain sections and to a low extent in heart, liver, pancreas and kidney. Pulmonary embolism by talcum and zinc oxide was established as the cause of death which occurred by syringe swap due to insufficient security precautions in the drug administration. The results are discussed in context of pulmonary microembolism cases frequently described for drug addicts after injection of crashed talcum containing tablets.     

科学发展观下云南毒品问题探析

从科学发展观看云南的毒品问题,本质上是一个发展问题。云南毒品问题的原因是多方面的,其自身特征为:一是发展落后,特别是经济落后是云南毒品危害形势严峻的突出原因;二是边疆地域特殊是云南毒品问题最直接的外在诱因;三是民族、宗教分裂势力及境外敌对势力与毒品问题交织,使云南毒品问题非常复杂。因此,我们要站在科学发展观的高度来认识、分析和治理云南的毒品问题,从而把握本质,达到标本兼治,禁绝云南毒品的目的。     

药物不良反应纠纷处理的困惑和思考

由药物不良反应引起的医疗纠纷日益增多,由于目前没有相应的法律法规来解决此类纠纷,使患者、医院和生产厂家都感到十分困惑和无奈。要处理好药物不良反应所引起的纠纷应该:1防患于未然,积极预防药物不良反应的发生;2依法处理,企盼相关的法律法规尽快出台;3加强监测,应用网络技术加强监测和报告;4更新理念,积极筹措药物不良反应补偿基金。     

印度制药业走向世界模式探究——以印度制药业巨头瑞迪博士制药厂(DRL)为例

当前,全球制药业正在经历一场剧变,大宗药品的专利即将到期,仿制药品的生产和使用规模不断扩大,发达国家和发展中国家都在大幅削减日益膨胀的医疗保健财政支出。印度制药企业抓住这些有利机遇,通过大规模生产、出口仿制药品、海外并购、强强联合、增强研发能力和外包服务等战略抢先占领国际药品市场,印度正在崛起成为一个世界级的制药大国。印度制药业走向世界对广大发展中国家具有很好的借鉴作用。     

在家庭中开展毒品预防教育的必要性及可行性

近年来,我国青少年吸毒人数增长较快,吸毒产生的危害性已成为社会普遍关注的问题。青少年吸毒成瘾与社会环境、人格养成和家庭背景等多种因素密切相关,其中家庭因素是可能导致青少年吸毒成瘾的主要因素,也是可能导致青少年产生其他问题行为的因素。因此,在家庭中开展预防药物滥用的工作将会对青少年其他的风险行为产生有益的影响。本文通过探讨易产生青少年吸毒问题的家庭行为特点及其影响因素,试图对家庭有针对性地开展毒品的预防和教育工作提供一点积极的建议和参考,这将对我国毒品预防教育的全面开展具有重要的意义。     

我国省级药监局网站信息公开工作的实施概况

为了解、评估我国各省级药监局网站在《政府信息公开条例》生效后开展药品信息公开工作的实施情况,将国家工信部制定的政府网站绩效评估体系按药品监管信息公开特点调整后,经对我国31个省、自治区、直辖市药监局网站信息公开建设进行调查,发现目前省级药监局网站信息公开工作中普遍存在公开程度偏低、依申请公开公众参与度低和监督保障机制实施不力等问题,应从有针对性地公开信息、丰富公开途径和方式以及完善监督保障机制等方面去完善我国药品监管信息公开制度。     

Using the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program to further understand the relationship between drug use and gang membership

In this paper, we examine the relationship between drug use and gang membership using data from the Arizona Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, which collects both self‐report and hard measures (i.e., urinalysis) of drug use. Our analyses revealed that self‐reported recent drug use (i.e., drug use in the past three days) and urinalysis outcomes were similarly associated with the gang‐membership variables. These findings suggest that self‐reported data obtained from gang members is a particularly robust method for gathering information on their recent behavior. Additionally, our results were supportive of the social facilitation model, showing that current gang members were significantly more likely to use marijuana and cocaine compared with former gang members. The implications for policy and future research are discussed.     

公安机关禁毒行政执法规范化制度建设研究

禁毒行政执法规范化制度建设是提高公安机关禁毒执法规范化水平这项系统工作的首要环节,是公安机关禁毒行政执法活动的规范化、标准化、正规化、法制化的重要保证。当前,公安部规范化建设要求,以禁毒行政执法制度建设为着眼,旨在探讨规范化制度建设的原则和途径。一、禁毒行政执法规范化制度建设遵循的原则,二、禁毒行政执法规范化制度建设的法律、法规依据,三、规范化禁毒行政执法制度建设的关键是确定禁毒行政执法职权和职责,四、规范化禁毒行政执法制度建设的制度构想。