怀牛膝有效成分对血管平滑肌收缩作用的影响

目的:研究怀牛膝有效成分(总皂苷、总甾体、总生物碱)对血管平滑肌收缩作用的影响.方法:采用大鼠体外主动脉平滑肌标本,先用不同浓度的怀牛膝有效成分直接作用于血管平滑肌,观察其舒张程度;再用不同浓度的怀牛膝有效成分对抗去甲肾上腺素(NE)引起的血管收缩,观察其舒张程度.结果:怀牛膝总皂苷不仅对NE引起的血管收缩有显著的抑制作用,而且还有直接舒张血管平滑肌的作用.结论:怀牛膝总皂苷具有直接舒张血管和显著对抗α受体的作用.     

伽达默尔诠释学真理观探究

在伽达默尔的哲学诠释学中,诠释学真理观占有重要地位。伽达默尔以诠释学方法对艺术、历史、语言领域进行重塑,揭示出诠释学经验中所蕴含的理解的真理。即真理是理解者与理解对象在理解活动中达到视域融合的过程,精神科学的真理性就蕴涵在这一过程中。     

企业有效合规整改的基本思路

有效合规整改的基本目标,是涉案企业建立一套有效预防犯罪的管理机制,达到企业依法依规经营的效果。为实现这一目标,企业合规整改应与日常性合规体系搭建具有本质的区别,将合规整改的针对性和体系化进行有机的结合。对于一个涉嫌犯罪的企业而言,一旦被纳入合规监督考察的对象,一般应引入四项基本的合规整改要素:一是在认罪认罚的前提下停止犯罪行为,积极配合刑事追诉行动,采取补救挽损措施,处理责任人;二是查找犯罪原因,发现造成犯罪发生的制度漏洞、管理隐患和治理结构的缺陷;三是针对上述漏洞、隐患和缺陷,进行有针对性的制度纠错和管理修复,切断犯罪发生的因果链条,避免同一犯罪的再次发生;四是建立一种整体的、全面的和长远的预防犯罪机制,引入有针对性的专项合规管理体系。     

The measurement of electoral competition,with application to Indian states

We investigate the measurement of three distinct, but related dimensions of electoral competition in a majoritarian electoral system: contestability in the struggle for governing power; competition among candidates at the constituency level; and competition among existing parties at the level of the legislature. At each step, the analysis is made concrete by calculating our preferred indexes of these dimensions of competitiveness for 14 major Indian states from 1972 to 2009 (and from 1952 in some cases), while comparing them to others that have been widely used, though not always calculated for Indian states. We also use our preferred indexes to study the importance of the level of development for an understanding of how competition has evolved across the states. The paper concludes by posing questions about the measurement of competitiveness, in general and in the Indian case, that arise in the course of our investigation.     

劳动者合理享有企业剩余的经济学分析

劳动者与企业剩余休戚相关,因为劳动者应当享有同等主体的收益权、贡献的收益权、风险的收益权、劳动力使用价值的信贷收益权是符合马克思商品价格理论的要求和商品价值规律的精神。而实现劳动力资本化或劳动力股权化的职工持股制度是构建十六中全会提出的“共同建设共同分享”合谐社会的有效途径。     

Compelled without direction: Compulsory voting and party system spreading

Much of the current literature on compulsory voting (CV) examines its effects by simulating complete turnout. We argue that these studies do not capture the full effects of CV, as there is something qualitatively different about compulsory voting rules as compared to only increasing turnout. Furthermore, CV and turnout have important, yet unexplored, interactive effects. To test this argument, we look at governments in 43 countries over the 1990–2006 period. Nine of these countries have some form of CV. We examine the effect of CV on the ideological position and range of governments, left party seat share, and the effective number of parties. We find that high turnout in the presence of CV laws spreads out the distribution of voters and leads to an increase in the effective number of parliamentary parties and a larger ideological range of governments. These results have important implications for how we study CV and its consequences for party strategy.     

论合同效力的发展轨迹——合同效力的扩张与限缩

合同的相对性理论表明合同在当事人之间产生法律拘束力,但现代合同法的发展,使得合同效力呈现出扩张的趋势,合同对第三人也会产生一定的拘束力.合同虽然是当事人意思自治的结果,但合同效力体现了现行法律对合同内容的价值评判,因此,对于有违公平、正义理念的合同条款,要采取严厉的立法态度,对其进行否定性评价.     

Executive-Led Governance or Executive Power ‘Hollowed-Out’—The Political Quagmire of Hong Kong

New Zealand has long enjoyed a reputation as a country with a corruption‐free state sector. However, social change and the state sector reforms of the 1980s and 1990s, have rendered that status less secure. While hard‐core corruption does not yet appear to be a major problem, what constitutes corruption can be a function of changing public perceptions and attitudes. Four main types of behaviour of public officials are identified, all of which have a bearing on how corruption is perceived. In New Zealand, there is casual evidence that hard‐core corruption might be more common today than in the past, but the official attitude to the possibility of it increasing seems to be overly sanguine, partly as a result of a very narrow definition of corruption. Vigilance could be enhanced by a stronger role for Parliament's agency, the Office of the Controller and Auditor‐General.     

“小政府”：渊源、意义及其向度

产生于19世纪西方国家建立的以低消耗的廉价政府"小政府"模式,经过历史的扬弃,发展成在权力、职能、规模上受限的政府.当代意义上的"小政府"是指机构精简、职能有限、权力受限的政府.许多对"小政府"的质疑和批判,皆源于对"小政府"的内涵误读为小政府必定不是强政府、小政府模式已陷入困境、小政府是乌托邦,没有用动态的观点去理解.只有科学理解这一模式的内涵,才能明确其对当前政府改革具有转变政府职能,建立与市场经济相适应的政府体制;培育公民社会,扩大社会自治能力,限制政府规模等指导意义.当今,政府有效性成为人们关注的核心,有效政府成为"小政府"模式发展的向度.     

经济发展与经济增长

增长与发展是两个内涵不同的概念,但长期以来人们往往不予区分,结果导致经济发展步入有增长无发展或有发展无增长的误区。因此,仔细斟酌与体味两者的不同,绝不是经济学家的文字游戏,在实践上将两者有效地结合起来,对我国实现“十五”计划具有重要现实意义。