资源有效利用的制度安排－－兼论资源利用中的政府行为

资源利用的获利机会是人们自发倡导、组织和实施制度安排的动因.诱致性的行为选择方式需要强制性制度安排对他进行规范.在社会主义市场经济条件下,强制性制度安排的一个重要方面是重建所有权的排他性,以消除资源利用中的外在性.通过建立将资源作为商品生产和商品交换的制度安排,实现资源的有效利用.     

有效沟通:公务员考核过程中不可或缺的环节

缺乏有效的沟通是造成公务员考核缺乏信度、敏感度和可接受度的原因之一,而有效沟通有助于考核的公正,能促使被考核者认同考核结果并利于组织目标的实现。因此,在考核过程中,应在三个环节完善沟通制度,即管理目标制定时的沟通、平时考核中的沟通和考核结果公布前的沟通。     

困境中的陪审制度——“法院需要”笼罩下的陪审制度解读

通过对农村法庭陪审制实际考察可以发现:陪审制在部分中部农村司法实践中已然变形、虚化。结合陪审制度的历史时陪审制的现状进行细致地解读,可以发现在中西部地区陪审实践中的一些为人所忽略的因素,主要有基层法院的实际需要和农村区别于城市的特殊情况。由于法院特别是中西部地区基层法院的实际需要难以在短期内消除,我国部分农村地区的特殊情况也不是短期内可以改变的,因此,陪审制实际运作的困境将长期存在。     

区域性治安管理之我见

实际操作中的区域性治安管理应随地区不断变化的特点而作相应的调整,警力活动要具有操作性,突出针对性,把握策略性,注重实效性。     

Assessing effective participation in vulnerable juvenile defendants

Effective participation in trial is outlined under article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and refers to the ability to understand and engage in trial. Juvenile defendants are often referred to psychologists or psychiatrists by their solicitors to establish ‘effective participation’ capacity. In the USA, key components to participate effectively are defined and standardised assessments available. In the UK, no formal measures exist. A consecutive series of 20 adolescents aged 12–20 years, referred by their solicitors to our service, were assessed using a standardised battery and a semi-structured interview designed to assess effective participation. Fifty-five per cent had at least one neurodevelopmental disorder. Low IQ was common and 50% had age-equivalent language scores below 10 years. Rates of depression, anxiety and PTSD were high. Knowledge about trial was poor. These findings have implications for Criminal Justice System professionals and to ensure fair trials for young defendants.     

行政征收的法律规制论纲

公民财产权的排他性支配属性及其在公民权利体系中的地位呼唤法律对行政征收进行有效规制。首先,行政征收立法应遵守法律保留原则,并以公共利益条款限制征收目的。其次,行政征收程序应吸纳正当法律程序的精髓——参与,并且这一参与应是有效参与。最后,在不得不征收公民财产时,行政机关应给予公平补偿。     

白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁案的国际法解读

不久前,国际法院主要依据实际控制原则和禁止反言原则对新加坡和马来西亚之间的白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁争端作出判决,这进一步延续了国际法院在解决领土争端中运用有效控制原则的趋势.但是,应当明确的是,有效控制原则、时效原则、先占中的有效占领原则、时际法原则、关键时刻等的适用场合及条件是有区别的.根据我国对钓鱼岛、南沙群岛等享有主权的历史事实,以及对有关国家非法占有我国岛礁等行动的持续反对,实际控制原则并不适用于钓鱼岛、南沙群岛等有关领土争端.此外,我国并未接受国际法院的管辖,有关争端不会诉诸国际法院解决.但为防止有关国家利用有效控制原则,通过向无人岛屿移民等行为企图造成有效控制事实,我国应对有关争端领土加强管理和控制,而对被他国控制的无人岛屿等应采取多种手段及早解决.     

Vexatious Claims: Challenging the Case for Employment Tribunal Fees

Since July 2013, recourse to Employment Tribunals in the United Kingdom has attracted fees of up to £1,200 for single claimants. The impact of this reform has been dramatic: within a year, claims dropped by nearly 80 per cent. This paper suggests that this fee regime is in clear violation of domestic and international norms, including Article 6(1) ECHR and the EU principle of effective judicial protection. Drawing on rational choice theory and empirical evidence, we argue that the resulting payoff structures, negative for the majority of successful claimants, strike at the very essence of these rights. The measures are, furthermore, disproportionate in light of the Government's stated policy aims: fees have failed to transfer cost away from taxpayers, have failed to encourage early dispute resolution, and have failed to deter vexatious litigants. The only vexatious claims, we find, appear to be those which motivated the reforms in the first place.