论陷阱抗辩的证明责任分配

诱惑侦查是一种对付某些犯罪的有效侦查方法,但如果超过合理限度就会转化为陷阱侦查。陷阱侦查不仅与侦查机关的职责相悖,而且侵犯了公民的合法权益。为了对陷阱侦查行为进行有效规制,并为被告人提供有效的救济途径,除了需要明确陷阱侦查的判断标准以及法律后果之外,更重要的是合理地分配证明责任。根据证明责任的分配原理,在陷阱抗辩中首先应当由被告人承担证明责任。     

清代民族边防变化及划界签约

有清一代,传统边防的思想观念有了重大的变化。在遭受西方殖民主义者侵略的过程中,清王朝统治者认识到了国家边防防御的重要性。自康熙皇帝开始,清政府的边防观念开始转变,逐渐形成了一套边防指导思想和政策。     

论刑事辩护制度的独立价值

刑事辩护制度的存在与完善程度是判断刑事诉讼制度民主科学化的重要指标,而刑事辩护制度作为刑事诉讼制度内的子制度,他的存在意义不仅在于它是实现刑事诉讼制度目的的重要功能性制度,而且在于辩护制度存在的本身就是诉讼民主、文明的标志。刑事辩护制度的存在具有与人权精神、社会伦理的高度契合性。     

Assessing effective participation in vulnerable juvenile defendants

Effective participation in trial is outlined under article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and refers to the ability to understand and engage in trial. Juvenile defendants are often referred to psychologists or psychiatrists by their solicitors to establish ‘effective participation’ capacity. In the USA, key components to participate effectively are defined and standardised assessments available. In the UK, no formal measures exist. A consecutive series of 20 adolescents aged 12–20 years, referred by their solicitors to our service, were assessed using a standardised battery and a semi-structured interview designed to assess effective participation. Fifty-five per cent had at least one neurodevelopmental disorder. Low IQ was common and 50% had age-equivalent language scores below 10 years. Rates of depression, anxiety and PTSD were high. Knowledge about trial was poor. These findings have implications for Criminal Justice System professionals and to ensure fair trials for young defendants.     

辩护全覆盖试点推广面临的困境与出路

辩护全覆盖改革在首批试点地区取得了较为理想的改革成效,由于试点地区先天的自身优势使得其成功经验不具有可复制性,改革试点向全国推广仍面临着律师资源稀缺、援助经费匮乏的双重瓶颈性困境。为保障改革取得全国性胜利,宜尽快建立刑辩律师数据库、探索律师远程参与庭审机制以及加大援助经费投入、提高援助办案补贴标准。     

推进刑事辩护法律援助全覆盖问题之探讨

刑事辩护法律援助制度是刑事司法体制的重要内容,对人权保障具有重要意义。十八大以来刑事辩护法律援助有新发展,正在进行的刑事辩护全覆盖试点工作具有一定突破性,但仍感力度不足,有待进一步加以完善。应当考虑将刑事辩护援助扩大至适用简易程序审理中可能判处3年有期徒刑以上的案件;加强法律援助的资金保障、创新刑事辩护法律援助模式并完善援助质量监督体系。同时,鉴于人命关天,在死刑复核程序中必须为被告人提供全覆盖的刑事辩护法律援助,而且必须保证援助律师高质量的有效介入。     

论委托人与辩护律师的关系——以美国律师职业行为规范为切入的分析

“委托人与辩护律师的关系”在律师职业行为规范中处于核心的地位。相较于委托人与辩护律师基于合意而成立的民事合同关系,律师职业行为规范对辩护律师提出了更多更高的要求。这些要求体现在二者交往的多个方面,包括关系的成立、权利的分配、利益冲突的解决、关系的终止等。在这些规则的背后,辩护律师的忠诚义务和维护司法正义义务是贯彻始终的二大基本理念,其中,忠诚义务是核心,维护司法正义则为律师划定了行为的边界。在律师职业伦理亟待重新构建的我国,美国律师职业行为规范对我国在诸如调整委托人与律师的关系,即强调忠诚义务、引入有效辩护等方面具有重大的启发意义。     

论认罪认罚案件中值班律师制度的功能定位

国外值班律师制度的确立是其刑事辩护制度日臻完善的结果,其基本功能是为被追诉人提供应急性的法律服务。基于中国当下刑事程序改革的新发展及刑事辩护率低下的现实,认罪认罚案件中确立值班律师制度主要是为实现有效辩护的功能。认罪认罚案件中值班律师的见证人化是其功能异化的体现,将会导致值班律师的权利被极大地限缩,有效辩护难以实现;值班律师沦为公权力的合作者,破坏被追诉人对值班律师的信任。未来,我国值班律师制度的功能将呈现二元化的特点,认罪认罚案件中,应以有效辩护为核心,从以下方面强化值班律师辩护权的实现：以被追诉人认罪认罚的自愿性为核心,通过赋予值班律师在场权,明确值班律师介入的时间点;围绕被追诉人认罪的真实性、自愿性,细化值班律师法律帮助的具体内容;以有效辩护为目标,明确值班律师的各项权利;强化值班律师对程序性事项的有效辩护。     

Broadcasting party information: Can the introduction of community radio reduce the effective number of parties?

The introduction of a more majoritarian electoral system is expected to result in the consolidation of a party system as predicted by institutionalists. However, voters must have information on party viability and be able to coordinate with other voters within a constituency for an electoral system reform to have the expected outcome. I argue that the introduction of independent local radio frequencies can promote party consolidation by enabling coordination on viable candidates because of better information that becomes common knowledge. The effective number of parties (ENEP) is expected to be lower in constituencies where a larger proportion of voters listen to local radio. To test this hypothesis, access to television signals is used as an instrument for radio listening behavior to address potential reverse causality. Using 2SLS, I find that an increase in one standard deviation in regular radio listening is associated with a decrease of 0.42 ENEP in Thailand.