Revisiting child sponsorship programmes

Child sponsorship programmes have long been criticised for their conceptual and programmatic flaws. In response, organisations changed their programme designs to minimise negative side effects, or even stopped providing direct support to individual children altogether. This paper outlines the evolution of sponsorship programmes; discusses advantages and drawbacks of today's one-to-one sponsorship methods; and explores how progress may be possible. It concludes that such sponsorship programmes will never amount to sustainable development but can, if designed well, make a credible contribution to complex livelihoods in environments that lack adequate safety nets.

Repenser les programmes de parrainage d'enfants

Les programmes de parrainage d'enfants sont depuis longtemps critiqués pour leurs défauts conceptuels et programmatiques. En réponse à ces critiques, les organisations ont modifié la conception de leurs programmes pour réduire au minimum les effets secondaires négatifs, et ont même parfois complètement cessé d'apporter un soutien direct à des enfants individuels. Cet article décrit dans ses grands traits l’évolution des programmes de parrainage, traite des avantages et des inconvénients des méthodes actuelles de parrainage individuel et examine les manières dont il serait possible de progresser. Il conclut que les programmes de parrainage de ce type ne constitueront jamais des formes de développement durable, mais qu'ils peuvent, à condition d’être bien conçus, apporter une contribution crédible à des moyens de subsistance complexes dans des environnements qui ne sont pas pourvus de filets de sécurité adéquats.

Revisando nuevamente los programas de patrocinio a la niñez

Durante mucho tiempo, los programas de patrocinio a la niñez han sido objeto de críticas debido a sus fallos conceptuales y programáticos. Frente a esta situación, las organizaciones han modificado el diseño de sus programas, con el fin de minimizar sus efectos negativos, o han detenido totalmente el apoyo brindado a niños de manera individual. El presente artículo esboza la evolución experimentada por los programas de patrocinio, a la vez que examina las ventajas y las desventajas de los actuales programas de patrocinio individual, analizando cómo pueden hacerse avances al respecto. La conclusión surgida del artículo establece que estos programas de patrocinio nunca serán parte del desarrollo sustentable aunque, si se diseñan bien, pueden contribuir de forma verosímil a la creación de medios de vida complejos en entornos que carecen de programas sociales adecuados.

Revisitando programas de patrocínio às crianças

Os programas de patrocínio às crianças têm sido há muito tempo criticados por suas falhas conceituais e programáticas. Em resposta, as organizações mudaram seus projetos de programa para minimizar os efeitos colaterais negativos, ou até mesmo deixaram de fornecer em geral apoio direto a crianças individualmente. Este artigo apresenta a evolução de programas de patrocínio; discute as vantagens e desvantagens de métodos atuais de patrocínio individual; e avalia como o progresso pode ser possível. Ele conclui que tais programas de patrocínio nunca atingirão o desenvolvimento sustentável mas, se forem bem elaborados, podem oferecer uma contribuição confiável a meios de subsistência complexos em ambientes que não possuem redes de segurança adequadas.     

犯罪征兆信息评估与预警研究

防控犯罪是一个复杂的系统工程,其中的关键环节之一是掌握犯罪征兆信息。犯罪通常是有征兆可察的,犯罪征兆可通过信息提前感知。为有效扼制和减少我国社会转型期犯罪高发的态势,亟待研究探索一种利用犯罪征兆信息运算评估的定量结果来开展预警的简便实用方法,使公安实战部门能通过对犯罪征兆信息的甄别、分析和评估,超前预判可能面临的风险和危害,明确防控重点,合理配置防控力量,实现及时预警。     

日本医疗诉讼改革及对鉴定结论的评价

自2002年以来,日本针对医疗诉讼中鉴定人选任困难、鉴定结论提出期间长、证据价值不高、法院对鉴定结论等医学证据难以作出评价等长期存在的问题,对医疗诉讼体制作出了重大改革。鉴于我国医疗诉讼中也存在类似问题,本文对日本法的改革措施以及效果展开详细考察,以供我国参考借鉴。     

Tippins and Wittman Revisited: Law,Social Science,and the Role of the Child Custody Expert 14 Years Later

It has been 14 years since Tippins and Wittmann ( 2005 ) voiced concern for the overreaching role the expert may play in matters of family law. This article sets their levels of inference within the context of the culture of both law and social science. We examine how inferences are impacted by the relative emphasis child custody experts give to the five stakeholders involved in child custody evaluations (CCEs): courts, lawyers, parents, children, and professional governing bodies. Acculturation of the assessor to law contributes to more egregious inferences, versus the more modest ones Tippins and Wittmann advocated. How evaluators prioritize stakeholders shapes their opinion and methodology. We offer an expanded perspective that views how their levels of inference are manifest in reports, methodology, and recommendations and the influence of the culture of law and the mindset of the clinician. We hope to encourage clinicians to find ways to operationalize clinical humility, assume their proper role, and remain true to their master identity as licensed mental health professionals and their proper sphere of authority.     

Research Progress on Function Evaluation Standard and Method of Lower Extremity ImpairmentCSCD

The lower extremity impairment can be caused by illness, accident, work-related injury, traffic accident and fighting, etc. The injuries of lower extremity joint, nerve, muscle and tendon may lead to lower extremity dysfunction. So far, there is no unified standard for international and domestic function evaluation of lower extremity impairment, the evaluation standards in the same field are also different, and function evaluation of lower extremity impairment has no complete research system. However, the degree of lower extremity impairment has great influence on personal damage compensation. Therefore, the function evaluation of lower extremity impairment often becomes a dispute issue in forensic medicine identification. This article summarizes the function evaluation standards, methods and status quo of lower extremity impairment, so as to provide a new insight into the research on standardization of lower extremity impairment. © 2018 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

侦查模式和侦查目的

侦查模式是侦查结构和侦查运行程序的表现形式,是对侦查系统特征和侦查运行程序特点的提炼和抽象.侦查模式按照不同的标准可分为多种类型.侦查目的是国家所追求的通过侦查制度的确定和侦查活动的运行所要实现的法律价值目标.侦查目的主要有公诉准备说、侦查独立说和审判准备说三种基本类型.我国的侦查目的具有混合型特点.     

颈舒汤加减联合推拿康复治疗混合型颈椎病疗效观察

目的 观察中药内服联合推拿康复治疗混合型颈椎病疼痛和眩晕的临床疗效。方法 采用随机法将66例混合型颈椎病（颈痛、眩晕为主要症状）患者分为对照组和观察组,每组33例;两组患者均予以常规手法推拿、康复运动治疗,观察组在此基础上采用自拟中药汤剂颈舒汤加减内服联合治疗;分别于治疗前,治疗后3、7、10、14 d对两组患者进行疗效评估,采用视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）、颈性眩晕症状与功能评估量表（evaluation scale cervical vertigo,ESCV）对患者治疗前后疼痛、眩晕症状进行评分。结果 与同组治疗前比较,两组治疗3、7、10、14 d时VAS评分均显著降低（P＜0.05）,ESCV评分均显著增高（P<0.05）;治疗10、14 d时,观察组疼痛VAS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗3、7、10、14 d时,观察组ESCV评分均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组临床疗效优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 颈舒汤加减内服联合推拿康复治疗可有效缓解混合型颈椎病疼痛、眩晕症状,提高患者生活质量。     

The Influence of “Social Viewing” on Televised Debate Viewers’ Political Judgment

Social media could serve as an easy and fast window to the climate of public opinion. In the current study, we examined the influence of perceived opinion climate revealed via Twitter postings in shaping televised debate viewers’ candidate evaluation. We conducted two Web-based experiments in the high- and low-stimulus elections: (a) the 2012 Korean presidential election and (b) the 2014 Seoul mayoral election. Instead of using contrived stimulus materials, we were able to examine the influence of exposure to Twitter postings in voters’ judgment of candidate performance in real time. Using a custom-designed Web application, participants evaluated the candidates as debate-related Twitter postings were being fed in real time during each televised debate. Our results suggest that exposure to Twitter postings has induced significant bandwagon effects. Bandwagon effects were pervasive even among partisans and the knowledgeable. Our findings show that more policy efforts ought to be made to strengthen the informative role of social viewing.     

Between logframes and theory of change: reviewing debates and a practical experience

Theory of Change (ToC) is an emerging methodology in the practice of development programmes, often contrasted with the dominant logical framework. This article reviews current debates around ToC before identifying five aspects that are appreciated in practice. It appears that these aspects mostly cover areas where the logical framework is not – or is no longer – meeting the needs of practitioners. Subsequently, the article analyses experiences in ToC training for NGO staff and concludes that ToC can address shortcomings of the logical framework – if only by going back to some of the roots of the logical framework.     

科学发展观——我国公共政策评估的首要标准

公共政策评估标准是开展公共政策评估的前提。为了更有效、更科学地开展公共政策评估活动,应设立正确的首要标准,以首要标准来统率次要标准。科学发展观标准应当成为我国公共政策评估的首要标准:科学发展观标准是对以往我国公共政策评估标准的纠正和完善;科学发展观标准符合我国社会主义国家公共政策的本质要求;科学发展观标准顺应公共政策的发展趋势。坚持科学发展观作为我国公共政策评估的首要标准能有效提升我国公共政策质量,推进我国社会主义和谐社会建设进程。