Background levels of body fluids and DNA on the shaft of the penis and associated underpants in the absence of sexual activity

This study examines the background of blood, saliva, semen and autosomal DNA on penile swabs and underpants from males in the absence of recent sexual activity. Based on the data collected by the AFSP Body Fluid Forum, the results of this study show that; there is a very low expectation of detecting blood on penile swabs and male underpants; a low expectation of detecting saliva on penile swabs and male underpants; and spermatozoa would be expected in less than a quarter of penile swabs and three quarters of male underpants. As none of the samples had detectable levels of DNA which were suitable for meaningful comparison that did not match the donor or their partner, the expectation of detecting a DNA profile from the cellular background on penile swabs or underpants from a male who has not been involved in recent sexual intercourse is very low. The results of this study are extremely informative when evaluating the significance of blood, saliva, semen and DNA detected on the penile swabs and underpants of males in cases of alleged sexual assault.     

行政审批局模式:何以有效,何以无效?——基于市场主体视角的政策效果实证

近年来,成立行政审批局是地方行政审批制度改革的重要选项,但有关该模式效果的争议持续不断。因此,有必要对行政审批局模式的政策实施效果开展科学评估。立足优化营商环境、推动经济高质量发展的背景,基于市场主体视角,利用2011-2018年我国281个地级市的面板数据,通过倾向得分匹配倍差法(PSM-DID)检视行政审批局模式的政策效果。平均处理效应与动态处理效应表明,采取行政审批局模式能够显著、持久地提升市场投资水平,而对新建企业、专利研发、交易费用的改善不具有明显效果。异质性检验表明,在中东部地区,政策效果不明显或较消极;在西部及东北地区,政策普遍呈现出潜在或显著的积极作用;在省会及副省级城市,政策对市场投资、专利研发、交易费用均有潜在或显著的改善作用;在普通地级市,政策仅对市场投资领域具有显著促进效果。基于此,行政审批制度改革的路径选择应该因地制宜,行政审批局的建设需要扬长补短,充分运用大数据技术实现整体智治,推动其在行政审批制度改革模式的竞争中显现优势。