违约责任与风险负担

风险负担与违约责任是共同处理标的物毁损灭失案型的两项不同制度。在我国违约责任的归责原则实现了由过错责任向严格责任转化的情况下,风险负担制度的内涵与适用范围应作相应的调整。违约之际风险负担的处理涉及到这两项制度的协调与配合的复杂关系。在履行迟延期间标的物毁灭时,原则上应使违约方当事人承担风险。对质的不完全履行之际的风险负担问题,国际公约、各国或各地区立法不一,对我国现行法律进行体系解释可知,当买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的,由出卖人承担风险,否则则由买受人承担风险,不过,买受人仍享有违约救济权。在违约之际的风险负担问题上,我国现行法律还存在若干漏洞,应予填补。     

《著作权法》修改:关键条款的解读与分析(下)

修改后的《著作权法》将视听作品分为"电影作品、电视剧作品及其他视听作品",并分别规定了不同的著作权归属规则,但两类视听作品分类标准不明,且对其他视听作品采用约定优先的著作权归属规则,不利于此类视听作品的许可与传播。当一名合作作者无正当理由反对对合作作品的特定利用时,其他合作作者不能发放专有许可,这可能给合作创作的学术论文和专著的出版带来负面影响。修改后的著作权法将电台、电视台和报刊通讯社员工的职务作品定为特殊职务作品,可能产生其员工离职后无法获得出版其职务作品文集所须授权的问题。新增的有关职务表演的规定合理地解决了长期以来将"演出单位"作为"表演者"的问题。对传播录音制品获酬权的规定并不是法定许可,因为《著作权法》并没有为录音制作者规定除信息网络传播权之外的传播权专有权利。修改后的《著作权法》的一大亮点是将广播组织的转播权以技术中立的方式拓展至网络环境。有关用作者的署名推定权利存在的规定,被诉侵权人应证明其使用涉案作品已获许可的规定,以及法院有权没收和销毁侵权复制品的规定,均直接来源于《中美经济贸易协定》,其中有些仅具有形式意义。修改后的《著作权法》为摄影作品享受新的保护期(作者有生之年加50年)所设定的条件与《世界知识产权组织版权条约》不一致,可能需要再次修改。     

县域政府治理绩效的实证研究：公众满意度的视角--基于佛山市 A 区的治理实践

以佛山市 A 区为个案,对如何测量中国县（区）层级的政府治理绩效进行实证探索。在借鉴世界治理指标（WGI)的基础上,构建了一个本土化的地方政府治理绩效指标体系,对 A 区政府的治理绩效水平进行量化评估,并且通过构建一个多元回归模型深入挖掘影响其总体治理水平的相关因素。结果表明：公众对于 A 区政府的总体治理水平处于“一般”到“比较满意”之间;在六个维度的治理绩效中,公众满意度最低的是“腐败控制”和“法治”,最高的是“政府稳定和暴力避免”和“政府有效性”;除了“管制质量”和“政府稳定与暴力避免”之外,其他四个维度的治理绩效对 A 区政府的总体治理水平都具有显著影响,其中,“政府有效性”对总体治理水平的影响最大。     

State as resource,mediator and performer: understanding the local and global politics of gold mining in Kyrgyzstan

The inability of the state to maintain security and the rule of law for the purposes of foreign direct investment and industrial production is often taken as a sign of its weakness. However, such judgments say little about the actual functions of the state for global extraction industries and local political forces which demand their share of the pie. Whilst coercive state power may have decreased since Kyrgyzstan became independent, more important is the fact that the state itself has been transformed under the ruptures of, on the one hand, economic and political liberalization and, on the other, the effects of so-called ‘revolutions' of 2005 and 2010 which led to the wholesale restructuring of national structures of clientelism. Based on ethnographic research conducted in Talas province, documentary sources and interviews with gold mining companies and state officials, the paper investigates the state's shifting roles with respect to Kyrgyzstan's gold mining sector. Firstly, it explores the state as a source of rents for officials who grant and rescind licences in exchange for formal and informal payments from foreign investors, often via offshore vehicles. Secondly, it considers the role of the state as mediator between foreign investors and their access to sites. Finally, it identifies the state as performer of its status as sovereign power despite its inability to prevent uprisings and actually guarantee the promised access to its territory.     

Global Astana: nation branding as a legitimization tool for authoritarian regimes

This paper examines how, in post-Soviet Kazakhstan, both channels of elite and banal nationalism (such as sports and higher education) serve as instruments to promote the country. Through these channels, Kazakhstan is portrayed as an open, dynamic and successful country, an image which is in serious disjuncture with the authoritarian nature of the regime. Taking advantage of massive oil revenues, the government organized a significant OSCE general conference in 2010, while chairing the institution. In addition, it created the Astana professional cycling team, which rapidly became a world leader in the sport. Last but not least, Nazarbayev University, attracting prominent Western scholars, is now designed to make the country compete in the international arena of academic rankings. Domestic and international performances are thus treated as instruments to promote the legitimacy of the state at national and global levels. But this would not be possible without the help of individual actors who actively participate in this process. A close investigation shows that their social capital is based on global connections in various spheres (sports, finance and academia). This paper draws on evidence gathered through qualitative methods of enquiry (participant observation and semi-structured interviews). Finally, Astana is treated as a Latourian actor-network that has its own life and agency, thanks to the global association of various human actors and material objects.     

Imagery Metaphors Narration in The Book of Songs and Its Generation Mechanism

Imagery metaphors narration is the main operational method of Chinese literature, especially the pre-Qin literature, and the Book of Songs in this pioneering and exemplary significance. It started by describing the most national characteristics of speech mode, and with the aid of flowers, fruit, firewood, mulberries, fish, rain, the typical ‘YuXiang’ (imagery metaphors) to construct the text, will and emotion. And farming civilization created by the concept of harmony and on the basis of the formation of the Imagery thinking constitute the Book of Songs imagery metaphors narration mechanism of the narration.     

First‐Hand Experience and Second‐Hand Information: Changing Trust across Three Levels of Government

Little is known about how different sources of information drive citizen trust in government. To address that gap this article compares disaster evacuees to observers, noting how trust differs as attention to media coverage increases. First‐hand experience supplies information to update trust through biological and personal processes and performance assessments, while secondary sources provide information about other people's experiences, filtered through lenses that take an active role in crafting information. These two types of information have varying effects depending on the level of government being trusted. Using surveys administered a year after Hurricane Katrina, I find that Katrina evacuees have the highest trust in federal government, until they start paying attention to media coverage, and that attention to coverage has the most dramatic effect on these evacuees compared to all other groups. I also find that increasing attention to second‐hand information corresponds with higher trust in local officials, and that this effect decreases as the level of government increases. It appears media coverage creates a comparison in the mind of hurricane evacuees, causing them to update their performance assessments based on comparing their own experience to that which they observe, thereby updating their political trust.     

关于根本违约及其与大陆法系相关违约形态的比较研究和思考

根本违约是1980年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》中正式确立的一种违约形式,通过分析其与英美法系违约形态的渊源,指出它有一个从依条款的重要性为标准到依后果的严重程度为标准的历史演变过程,并对其与大陆法系的相关违约形态的差异进行了辩证分析。     

绩效责任：责任行政的新取向

新公共管理运动首次将绩效概念与政府的责任概念结合起来,提出了绩效责任的理念,它的出现,拓展了责任行政的内涵,体现了责任行政的新取向。本文探讨了公共部门绩效责任的内涵和特征,指出绩效责任的构建是一个系统工程,它包括:政府的绩效评估机制和科学的公务员考核评价体系的建立、绩效责任制度建设、创建绩效管理文化和引入公民参与机制等。     

民营企业绩效考核存在的问题探究

绩效管理是人力资源管理的重要环节,而绩效考核更是其中关键的环节。本文对民营企业绩效考核中存在的问题进行分析,并提出针对性的建议。